Ships and Boats

Ships and Boats, written by Ned Jensen and Elizabeth Austin.

《轮船与小船》，作者：内德·詹森、伊丽莎白·奥斯汀

Introduction. Before there were cars, trains, or airplanes, boats were the fastest way to travel. Boats and ships helped to shape history, leading explorers to new lands and carrying goods, people, and ideas around the world. Ships and boats have changed a lot over the years, but they still share many features with the earliest designs. Let's take a look at some of the different kinds of ships and boats.

引言 在汽车、火车和飞机出现之前，船是最快的出行方式 船舶推动了历史发展，带领探险家发现新大陆，还将货物、人群和思想传播到世界各地 千百年来船舶发生了巨大变化，但它们和最早的设计仍然有许多相同之处 一起来看看不同种类的轮船和小船吧

Early Ships and Boats The original boats were carved from single wooden logs. Boats of this kind date back to the Stone Age. People used fire along with tools made of stone, shells, or wood to hollow out the logs. These dug -out canoes were used in rivers, lakes, and oceans around the world. People used long poles, paddles, or oars to move the canoes through the water. Paddles and oars are long pieces of wood with broad, flat ends that push against the water to move the boat forward.

早期的轮船与小船 最早的船是用一整根原木凿刻而成的 这种船的历史可以追溯到石器时代 人们用火，加上石头、贝壳或木头制成的工具，把原木内部挖空 这种独木舟在全世界的河流、湖泊和海洋都被使用 人们用长篙、桨和橹推动独木舟在水中前进 桨和橹都是长木块，末端宽而扁平，它们通过推水让船向前行进

Later, people began to make boats with wooden frames. They used steam to bend the wood into the shapes they needed to make the frame of the boat. Then they covered the frame with bark or animal skins to keep out the water. People living in the far north made kayaks from driftwood covered with seal skins. They used these boats to hunt and fish over wide areas that they would not have been able to reach without boats.

后来，人们开始用木头做骨架造船 他们用蒸汽把木头弯成造船骨架需要的形状 接着他们在骨架外包裹树皮或兽皮，阻挡水进入船内 住在极北地区的人们用浮木做骨架，蒙上海豹皮制作皮艇 他们驾着这种船在广阔区域打猎捕鱼，没有船的话这些地方根本无法到达

Some frameships, such as galleys, were much larger than log boats. Thousands of years ago, many ancient civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea used galleys for trade and warfare. The Egyptians, the Greeks, the Persians, and the Romans all used galleys to build and maintain their empires. Galleys were frameships covered with wood carried many rowers. The largest galleys had hundreds of rowers sitting on several decks. Many galleys also had sails that could be used when the wind was blowing in the direction the ship was traveling. Some galleys designed for warfare had rams built into their prowls that could pierce the sides of enemy ships.

有些骨架船，比如桨帆船，比原木船大得多 几千年前，地中海周边的许多古文明就用桨帆船开展贸易和作战 埃及人、希腊人、波斯人和罗马人都依靠桨帆船建立并维护自己的帝国 桨帆船是包着木板的骨架船，需要许多桨手划船 最大的桨帆船有好几层甲板，能容纳数百名桨手 很多桨帆船还配有帆，风向和航向一致时就可以用帆航行 一些专为作战设计的桨帆船，船首装有撞角，可以撞穿敌船的船身

Over a thousand years ago, the Vikings of Scandinavia used wooden -framed longships to cross the sea to raid coastal towns and villages in neighboring countries. A typical longship was about 28 meters, 90 feet long and carried 20 to 30 oarsmen. Like galleys, longships had sails in addition to their oars. Viking longships were sometimes called dragon ships because of the dragon heads carved into their prowess. The Vikings were skilled sailors and warriors, and their ability to land by surprise anywhere along the coast gave them a big advantage in battle. They also used longships for trade and exploration.

一千多年前，斯堪的纳维亚的维京人乘坐木骨架长船跨海，袭击邻国的沿海城镇和村庄 一艘普通长船大约长28米，也就是90英尺，能搭载20到30名桨手 和桨帆船一样，长船除了桨之外还配有帆 维京长船有时也被叫做龙船，因为它们的船首刻着龙头 维京人是技艺高超的水手和战士，他们能在沿海任何地方突袭登陆，这让他们在作战中占据极大优势 他们也会用长船开展贸易和探险