7 Volcanoes

Unit 7 VOCABULARY 1 1 Listen and read. Go for a walk on a sunny day. The earth seems calm under your feet. But deep down, it is not. Under the earth’s crust, it is so hot that rock is melted. This melted rock is called magma. In some places, there are deep cracks in the surface of the Earth. These cracks let magma come to the surface. The magma pushes up the earth’s crust. It creates a mountain—a volcano! A volcano erupts when magma explodes onto the surface. The flow of melted rock is called lava. The lava is thrown into the air and flows down the volcano. The heat of the lava burns everything it touches. The blast of an eruption throws steam into the air. The steam is created from water inside the earth. The blast also sends gases high into the sky. They make breathing difficult. A volcanic eruption can fill the sky with ash. The ash can come down and cover the land with a thick layer. 2 Listen and repeat. calm Before an eruption, the volcano is calm. deep Ouch. That’s a very deep cut. You need to go to the clinic. melted Under the earth’s crust is melted rock. a crack We can’t walk on that ice. It has cracks in it. a surface The surface of the lake is very calm. create A volcano in the ocean can create new islands. a volcano A volcano can erupt at any time. erupt You should not be near when a volcano erupts. explode Sometimes a volcano explodes and throws rocks in the air. heat The heat today is terrible. It must be 40 degrees. steam Steam can burn you. inside Is it safe to go inside a volcano? gas The gases from a volcano can hurt you. ash Ash is left after wood burns. cover Can a volcano be covered with snow? thick A thick layer of ash covers the ground.

SONG 1 Listen, read, and sing. Volcanoes Are a Lot Like Me Volcanoes are a lot like me. Some are awake and full of energy. Other volcanoes are sleeping. Yes, volcanoes are a lot like me! When I get really silly, and my energy builds up, if it has no place to go, sometimes I think I will explode! Deep inside a volcano, heat and gas are building up. If they have no place to go, the volcano will erupt! Volcanoes are a lot like me. Some are awake and full of energy. Other volcanoes are sleeping. Yes, volcanoes are a lot like me! If a volcano is dormant, it’s really just asleep. A dormant volcano will sleep for centuries. If a volcano is active, it’s very wide awake. When it’s awake, it’s just like me. It’s ready to blow off some energy! Volcanoes are a lot like me. Some are awake and full of energy. Other volcanoes are sleeping. Yes, volcanoes are a lot like me!

GRAMMAR 1 First conditional If the lava touches the trees, it will burn them. If rain hits the lava, it’ll turn to steam. I will go to a safe place if the volcano erupts. The plants will burn if hot ash covers them.

VOCABULARY 2 1 Listen and repeat. Then read and write. dormant A dormant volcano hasn’t erupted in a long time. a cone Most volcanoes look like cones. active An active volcano can erupt soon. a crater When a volcano explodes, it can leave a crater. extinct An extinct volcano will not erupt. 2 Listen and stick. Work with a partner. Discuss. I climbed the volcano very slowly. I had to be careful. The mountain was hard to climb. I looked at the top. Clouds were behind the volcano cone. The cone did not end in a point. It was fl at on top. At the top there was a lake. Rain fi lled the crater of the volcano. The crater was left after the last eruption. The last eruption was many thousands of years ago. I read about it in school. The volcano is extinct. An extinct volcano doesn’t erupt, so I felt safe climbing it. I would feel safe climbing a dormant volcano, too. A dormant volcano would not erupt. I don’t think it will become active while I’m there! An active volcano would scare me. I would never climb an active volcano. No way! GRAMMAR 2 Because of . . . Because of the ash, the animals could not breathe. The trees died because of the heat from the lava.

READING 1 Listen and read. ACTIVE Volcanoes There are active volcanoes all over the world. Some erupt often, sending hot lava down their slopes. People often live near these volcanoes. Because of the ash, the land is good for farming. The longest-erupting volcano is Mount Etna, in Sicily. It has been active for 3,500 years. Mount Etna erupts very often. It has destroyed many towns. People have tried to change the lava flow. They’ve built earth walls and used explosives. Some towns have avoided destruction. Successful evacuation plans have kept people safe. Five volcanoes created the island of Hawaii. Mauna Loa is the largest volcano in the world. Kilauea is one of the most active. In fact, it almost never stops erupting. In 2018, lava flowed through the streets of some towns near the volcano. Many people lost their homes. The volcano Nyamuragira, in Africa, erupts about every two years. It also has big lava flows. It creates smaller volcanoes on its sides. At one time, the volcano had a crater with a lake of lava. Then in 1938, there was an eruption that opened up one side of the volcano. Because of the eruption, the lava lake flowed out of the crater. People do not live near this volcano. Fuego is an active volcano in Guatemala. There was a sudden and powerful eruption in June of 2018. Many nearby towns were covered in ash. The international airport in Guatemala City had to close because there was too much ash on the runway.