Unit 08

Unit 8 Page 74 READING Exercise 3 THE CHECKLIST MANIFESTO BY ATUL GAWANDE 1 A doctor in a large hospital walked into an operating theatre where an operation was being performed. Everything seemed to be going well, but the doctor picked up on one disturbing fact – no one was wearing a face mask. He was a little shocked – wearing a face mask is basic hospital procedure. But he didn't say anything. The operation was a success, but a few days later the patient came down with a fever. It turned out that she had a serious infection, probably because the doctors and nurses hadn't followed a simple rule. If they'd worn their masks, the patient wouldn't have been infected. 2 Someone who'd be interested in that story is Atul Gawande, who wrote a book called The Checklist Manifesto: How to get things right. Gawande is a doctor himself, and in his book he suggests that if surgeons run through a simple checklist before every operation, then lives will be saved. And he's got the numbers to prove it. In 2001, at an important American hospital, there was an experiment that required doctors to use a five-point checklist before they carried out specific procedures. The checklist was just a list of routine things doctors should normally do without thinking – for example, wearing rubber gloves, washing hands before and after every patient, and so on. By making sure that the checklist was followed, there were almost no infections over the 27 months of the experiment, and they reckon that around eight lives were saved. When the checklist was tried out again in hospitals in Michigan, in the US, infections went down by 66 percent. 3 In his book, Gawande looks at other professions, too, to support his argument that checklists reduce accidents and improve success rates. He points out that people like engineers and pilots use checklists all the time, and he comes up with some good examples. Just imagine that an aeroplane crashed because the pilot had failed to follow basic procedures. Suppose a skyscraper fell down because the engineers hadn't remembered to do some important calculations. There would be an immediate inquiry to look into these events. So Gawande's question is: if pilots and engineers use checklists, why don't doctors use them? 4 But when Gawande talked to doctors at eight hospitals about a checklist that he had developed, he found that a lot of them weren't very enthusiastic. Twenty percent of the doctors that Gawande talked to said that the list was too difficult to use and that it wouldn't help to save lives. But, when they were shown the statement, 'If I had surgery, I'd want the surgeon to use this list, 93 percent of the same doctors agreed with it! So it's hard to work out why they don't want to use it themselves. 5 The Checklist Manifesto is a really interesting and well-written book. It reminds us to do basic things to avoid problems. It's relevant for all of us, not just for doctors. We should all use checklists now and again, otherwise we'll make mistakes.

第八单元 第74页阅读 练习3 清单宣言 作者：阿图尔·加万德 1一家大医院的医生走进正在进行手术的手术室。 一切似乎进展顺利， 但医生发现了一个令人不安的事实&没有人戴口罩。 他有点震惊——戴口罩是医院的基本程序。 但他什么也没说。 手术很成功，但几天后病人发烧了。 原来她感染了严重的疾病， 可能是因为医生和护士没有遵循一个简单的规则。 如果他们戴了口罩，病人就不会被感染。 2对这个故事感兴趣的人是阿图尔·加万德， 他写了一本名为《清单宣言：如何把事情做好》的书。 Gawande本人也是一名医生， 在他的书中，他建议，如果外科医生在每次手术前都能检查一份简单的清单， 那么生命将得到拯救。 他有数据来证明这一点。 2001年，在一家重要的美国医院， 有一项实验要求医生使用五点检查表 在他们执行具体程序之前。 清单只是医生通常应该不假思索地做的常规事情的清单—— 例如戴橡胶手套， 每个病人前后洗手等等。 通过确保遵守检查表， 在实验的27个月里几乎没有感染， 他们估计大约有八条生命获救。 当该清单在美国密歇根州的医院再次试用时， 感染人数下降了66%。 3在他的书中，Gawande也探讨了其他职业， 以支持他的论点，即检查表可以减少事故并提高成功率。 他指出，像工程师和飞行员这样的人一直在使用清单， 他举了一些很好的例子。 想象一下，一架飞机坠毁是因为飞行员没有遵守基本程序。 假设一座摩天大楼倒塌了，因为工程师们没有记得做一些重要的计算。 将立即对这些事件进行调查。 所以Gawande的问题是：如果飞行员和工程师使用检查表，为什么医生不使用它们？ 4但当Gawande与八家医院的医生谈论他制定的一份清单时， 他发现他们中的很多人都不太热情。 Gawande采访过的医生中有20% 他说，这份名单太难使用，对拯救生命没有帮助。 但是，当他们看到这份声明时， “如果我做手术，我希望外科医生使用这份清单， 93%的医生对此表示赞同！ 所以很难弄清楚他们为什么不想自己使用它。 5《清单宣言》是一本非常有趣且写得很好的书。 它提醒我们做一些基本的事情来避免问题。 这对我们所有人都很重要，而不仅仅是医生。 我们都应该时不时地使用清单，否则我们会犯错误。

Page 77 LISTENING Exercise 8 & 9 It's not every day you get to meet someone who is 100 and that's one of the many reasons today's guest is so special. So please let's have a huge round of applause for Tom's great-grandfather – Mr Hardeman. Thank you. Now, when Tom asked me if I could come and talk to you as part of your age awareness week, I thought 'What on earth do you young people want to listen to an old man like me for?' But then he explained to me about all the work you're doing making your bucket lists. Now if I was younger, I would have known what a bucket list was. But I didn't, so he had to explain and show me his list – ten things to do before you're 25, and he asked me what would be on my bucket list. Now, as I'm already very old, the idea of a bucket list for me might seem a bit strange. It's probably a bit late for me to start planning to climb Mount Everest or parachute out of a plane – although actually I did do that when I was in the Royal Airforce. But it did make me think, if I was seventeen again, what would be on my list? I must admit I was finding it a bit difficult, so I had another quick look at Tom's list to help me. Well, it was full of some very ambitious plans – visit every continent, write a novel, meet a famous person – all sorts of exciting things and if you all have lists like Tom's, I wish you good luck trying to tick all those things off. But the more I thought about it, the more something was troubling me about Tom's list. There was a lot of ambition on it. I was worried that if he doesn't manage to do all those things, he might feel disappointed. I also worried that these weren't really Tom's ambitions, but someone else's expectations. And finally, I was also worried that if Tom spends all his time trying to do these things, then maybe he will miss out on enjoying his normal everyday life as it happens around him. Now maybe I'm taking the idea of a bucket list too seriously and it's just meant to be a bit of fun. So if I had made a list, what would be on it? Well, things I've already done; things like enjoying watching my wonderful family grow up around me, being there for a friend when they really needed me, trying not to make too much trouble in the world – that sort of thing. And now I can add one more thing – talking to a whole class of students at age 100. Thank you. Page 77 GRAMMAR Exercise 12 1 If I was what younger, I would have known what a bucket list was. 2 If I had made a list, what would be on it? Page 77 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 1 & 2 Oh no! I forgot my mum's birthday! I would've remembered if I didn't have all these exams! Really, Cora ... you could've written it in your diary. I could've done many things, Nellie. But that's not the point. You should've asked your dad to remind you! What are you going to do? Page 77 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 3 Oh no! I forgot my mum's birthday! I would've remembered if I didn't have all these exams! Really, Cora ... you could've written it in your diary. I could've done many things, Nellie. But that's not the point. You should've asked your dad to remind you! What are you going to do?

第77页正在播放 你不是每天都能见到100岁的人 这也是今天的嘉宾如此特别的原因之一。 所以，请让我们为汤姆的曾祖父哈德曼先生鼓掌。 非常感谢。 现在，当汤姆问我是否可以来和你谈谈，作为你年龄意识周的一部分时， 我想，你们这些年轻人到底想听我这样的老人说话干什么 但后来他向我解释了你在制作遗愿清单时所做的所有工作。 现在，如果我年轻一点，我就会知道什么是遗愿清单。 但我没有，所以他不得不解释并向我展示他的名单—— 25岁之前要做的十件事，他问我的遗愿清单上会有什么。 现在，因为我已经很老了， 对我来说，制定一份遗愿清单的想法可能有点奇怪。 对我来说，开始计划攀登珠穆朗玛峰或跳伞可能有点晚了—— 尽管实际上我在皇家空军的时候确实这样做了。 但这确实让我想，如果我再回到十七岁，我的清单上会有什么？ 我必须承认，我觉得有点难， 所以我又快速浏览了一下汤姆的名单来帮助我。 嗯，它充满了一些非常雄心勃勃的计划—— 访问每一个大陆，写一本小说， 遇见名人——各种令人兴奋的事情 如果你们都有像汤姆那样的名单， 我祝你好运，把所有这些事情都勾掉。 但我越想越觉得汤姆的名单让我越不安。 它有很多野心。 我担心如果他不能做到所有这些事情，他可能会感到失望。 我还担心这些不是汤姆的野心，而是别人的期望。 最后，我还担心，如果汤姆把所有的时间都花在做这些事情上， 那么，也许他会错过享受身边正常的日常生活。 现在，也许我对遗愿清单的想法太认真了 这只是为了好玩。 那么，如果我列了一个清单，上面会有什么？ 好吧，我已经做过的事情； 喜欢看着我的家人在我身边长大， 当朋友真的需要我的时候，我会在他们身边， 尽量不要在世界上制造太多麻烦&诸如此类的事情。 现在，我可以再补充一件事——在100岁时与全班学生交谈。 非常感谢。 第77页格拉玛 练习12 如果我再年轻一点，我就会知道什么是遗愿清单了。 2如果我列了一个清单，上面会有什么？ 第77页项目 哦，不！我忘了我妈妈的生日！ 如果我没有参加这些考试，我会记得的！ 真的，科拉。…你本可以把它写在日记里的。 我本可以做很多事情的，内莉。但这不是重点。 你应该让你爸爸提醒你！ 你打算怎么办？ 第77页项目 练习3 哦，不！我忘了我妈妈的生日！ 如果我没有参加这些考试，我会记得的！ 真的，科拉。…你本可以把它写在日记里的。 我本可以做很多事情的，内莉。但这不是重点。 你应该让你爸爸提醒你！ 你打算怎么办？

Page 78 READING Exercise 2 Elisa's LIST BLOG As you know, every week I post a top ten list here that someone has sent me. Well, this week, no one has sent me anything, so I'm offering you a top ten list of my favourite top ten lists! And here they are. 1 Ten of the world's strangest sports Everything from extreme ironing to cheese rolling and toe wrestling. You won't see any of these sports at the Olympics. 2 Ten crazy hotels Suppose you fancied a night in a volcano ... Or how about a sandcastle or inside a giant wooden dog? There's plenty of inspiration for your next holiday here. 3 Top things you never knew your brain could do Did you know you can learn while you're asleep? And that you can predict the future? Or know what's happening behind you without looking? Well, you can. And there's a lot more your brain can do, too. 4 Ten amazing ways that animals communicate Elephants use their heads and tails to communicate. Honey bees dance and mushrooms have their own internet. The facts will fascinate you, as long as you're interested in nature. 5 Amazing things people have found on the beach Thousands of rubber ducks, an enormous tree, eight-foot-tall Lego men ... You just never know what might turn up when you take a walk along the shoreline! 6 Ten criminals who needed to phone 999 to escape A burglar who got stuck in a chimney. A petrol station robber who got his arm stuck in a window. A car thief who got stuck in a car. Read all about them here – unless you've got something better to do. 7 Everyday inventions from Victorian times Cement, chocolate, flushing toilets, the sewing machine, the underground, the radio and the X-ray – all invented by the Victorians, but we couldn't live without them today. 8 Ten superhero powers you could actually learn Fancy being a superhero? Well, here are the powers you could learn to help you on your way, provided you've got the time. Powers include super strength, speed and agility. And mind control! 9 Before they were famous They weren't always mega-famous: before turning her hand to acting, Meghan Markle was a calligrapher (that means she wrote things in nice handwriting), Beyonce swept hair from the floor of a salon and Brad Pitt wore a chicken costume to advertise a restaurant. Well, we've all got to start somewhere. 10 Ten amazing facts about the world around us The amount of water in our world never changes. It just gets recycled. That means that cup of water you drank this morning might have been drunk by a dinosaur 350 million years before. And that's just the least interesting fact! Fascinating! So, that's me done for this week. You can find these lists in my archive. Lastly – please send me a list, people, otherwise I won't have anything for next week.

第78页阅读 练习2 Elisa的列表博客 如你所知，每周我都会在这里发布一份有人发给我的前十名名单。 好吧，这周，没有人给我寄任何东西， 所以我给你一份我最喜欢的十大榜单！ 他们来了。 世界上最奇怪的十项运动 从极端熨烫到滚奶酪和脚趾摔跤。 你在奥运会上看不到这些运动。 2十家疯狂酒店 假设你幻想在火山中度过一个夜晚。.. 或者，一个沙堡或一只巨大的木狗怎么样？ 这里为你的下一个假期提供了很多灵感。 3件你永远不知道你的大脑能做的事情 你知道你可以在睡觉的时候学习吗？ 你能预测未来吗？ 或者不看就知道你身后发生了什么？ 好吧，你可以。 你的大脑还可以做更多的事情。 动物沟通的10种神奇方式 大象用它们的头和尾巴进行交流。 蜜蜂跳舞，蘑菇有自己的互联网。 只要你对自然感兴趣，事实就会让你着迷。 人们在海滩上发现的5件神奇的事情 成千上万的橡皮鸭，一棵巨大的树， 八英尺高的乐高人。.. 你永远不知道当你沿着海岸线散步时会发生什么！ 6 10名罪犯需要拨打999逃跑 被困在烟囱里的窃贼。 一个加油站劫匪的胳膊被窗户卡住了。 一个被困在车里的偷车贼。 在这里阅读所有关于它们的信息——除非你有更好的事情要做。 维多利亚时代的7项日常发明 水泥、巧克力， 冲洗厕所、缝纫机， 地下、无线电和X射线 这些都是维多利亚时代的人发明的，但我们今天离不开它们。 8个你可以学习的超级英雄力量 想成为超级英雄吗？ 好吧，以下是你可以学会的帮助你前进的力量， 只要你有时间。 力量包括超强、速度和敏捷。 还有精神控制！ 9在他们出名之前 他们并不总是超级出名： 在投身演艺事业之前，梅根·马克尔是一名书法家 （这意味着她写得很好）， 碧昂斯从沙龙的地板上扫头发 布拉德·皮特穿着鸡肉服装为一家餐厅做广告。 好吧，我们都得从某个地方开始。 关于我们周围世界的10个惊人事实 我们世界的水量永远不会改变。 它只是被回收利用。 这意味着你今天早上喝的那杯水 3.5亿年前可能被恐龙喝过。 这只是最不有趣的事实！迷人的！ 这就是我本周的工作。 你可以在我的档案中找到这些列表。 最后，请给我发一份名单，各位， 否则我下周什么都没有。

Page 80 Culture Exercise 2 Seven Wonders of THE NATURAL WORED The seven wonders of the natural world will inspire amazement from anyone who sees them. They are a constant reminder of the fragile beauty of our planet. THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA, US Around 17 million years ago, the Colorado River started to carve out its course through the Arizonian wilderness and the Grand Canyon was born. The Canyon is more than 450 km long, around 28 km at its widest point and around 1.5 km at its deepest. It is one of America's most visited natural wonders. PARICUTIN, MICHOACAN, MEXICO There are many impressive volcanoes all over the world. But what makes Paricutin so special is that it was born, grew up and went extinct all in about 20 years, giving scientists a unique opportunity to study the life cycle of a volcano. Paricutin quickly grew to a height of 423 m. Then, in 1952, after 19 years of eruptions, it went quiet. AURORA BOREALIS, AURORA AUSTRALIS Visitors to the Earth's Polar Regions may well get to witness a spectacular display of colourful lights in the night sky. The Northern lights (Aurora Borealis) and Southern lights (Aurora Australis) are the result of particles from outer space entering into the Earth's atmosphere. The closer you are to the poles, the more vibrant the displays will be. VICTORIA FALLS, AFRICA They're not the tallest or widest waterfalls in the world, but if you are measuring the amount of water that falls over them each second, they are certainly the biggest. These waterfalls, found on the Zambezi River as it enters Zimbabwe from Zambia, were named by the British explorer David Livingstone, after Queen Victoria. These days the local name Mosi-oa-Tunya (the smoke that thunders) is preferred by many. RIO DE JANEIRO HARBOUR, BRAZIL When Portuguese sailors first sailed into Guanabara Bay on January 1st 1502, and landed on the shore, they gave it the name Rio de Janeiro (river of January) as they believed they were at the mouth of a large river. In fact, they were in a bay that stretched for almost 30 km. THE GREAT BARRIER REEE AUSTRALIA More than 3,000 reefs and nearly 1,000 islands make up the Great Barrier Reef and at around 2,250 km in length, it's the only natural object on Earth that is visible from outer space. These days the reef receives special protection from the Australian government to ensure its survival. MOUNT EVEREST, THE HMALAYAS Mount Everest is one of the most well-known natural features of our planet. Standing at over 8,500 metres, it is the highest mountain in the world. Since it was first conquered by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hilary in 1953, thousands have climbed to the summit.

第80页文化 练习2 世界七大自然奇观 自然界的七大奇迹会让任何看到它们的人感到惊讶。 它们不断提醒我们地球的脆弱之美。 美国亚利桑那州大峡谷 大约1700万年前， 科罗拉多河开始在亚利桑那州的荒野中开辟出自己的河道 大峡谷由此诞生。 峡谷长450多公里， 最宽处约28公里，最深处约1.5公里。 它是美国游客最多的自然奇观之一。 墨西哥米却肯州帕里库廷 世界各地有许多令人印象深刻的火山。 但Paricutin之所以如此特别，是因为它的诞生， 在大约20年的时间里长大并灭绝， 为科学家提供了一个研究火山生命周期的独特机会。 Paricutin迅速生长到423米的高度。 然后，在1952年，经过19年的喷发，它变得安静了。 北极光 地球极地地区的游客 很可能会看到夜空中壮观的彩色灯光。 北极光（Aurora Borealis）和南极光（Aurora Australis） 是来自外太空的粒子进入地球大气层的结果。 你离两极越近，显示器就越有活力。 非洲维多利亚瀑布 它们不是世界上最高或最宽的瀑布， 但如果你正在测量每秒落在它们身上的水量， 它们无疑是最大的。 这些瀑布是在赞比西河从赞比亚进入津巴布韦时发现的， 由英国探险家大卫·利文斯顿以维多利亚女王的名字命名。 如今，许多人更喜欢当地的名字Mosi oa Tunya（雷鸣般的烟雾）。 巴西里约热内卢港 1502年1月1日，葡萄牙水手首次驶入瓜纳巴拉湾时， 上岸后，他们给它起名为里约热内卢（一月之河） 因为他们以为自己在一条大河的河口。 事实上，他们所在的海湾绵延近30公里。 澳大利亚大堡礁 大堡礁由3000多个珊瑚礁和近1000个岛屿组成 长度约为2250公里， 它是地球上唯一从外太空可见的自然物体。 如今，珊瑚礁受到澳大利亚政府的特殊保护，以确保其生存。 喜马拉雅山脉珠穆朗玛峰 珠穆朗玛峰是我们星球上最著名的自然特征之一。 它海拔8500多米，是世界上最高的山峰。 自1953年丹增·诺吉和埃德蒙·希拉里首次征服以来， 成千上万的人爬上了山顶。

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