Unit 12

Unit 12 Page 110 READING Exercise 3 Saving great discoveries! Many places discovered by explorers in past centuries are now in danger of disappearing, and many have already disappeared. Sadly, forests, lakes, glaciers and ancient ruins are gradually being destroyed by global warming and man-made disasters. What can we do to save them? The Chacaltaya Glacier 5,300 m up in the Andes STATUS: disappeared The Chacaltaya Glacier in the Andes was once the highest ski run in the world. The summit was in fact higher than the base camp at Mount Everest. The glacier, which is believed to be 18,000 years old, was 0.22 km² in length in 1940. It shrank to 0.08 km² in 1996, before finally disappearing completely in 2005. So why did it disappear? The answer is climate change. Scientists predicted that it would disappear in 2015. In fact, it melted a lot more quickly. Climate change is destroying other glaciers, too. In Iceland, it is believed scientists have found a solution. They inject carbon dioxide into rock. The carbon dioxide gas then turns to rock, too. This helps to stop temperatures rising and the ice melting. The Mirador Basin and Tikal National Park Forest home to Mayan ruins in Guatemala STATUS: losing 100,000 acres of forest a year The Mirador Basin and Tikal National Park in Guatemala are home to the amazing pyramids and ruins of the Mayan civilization. In 1881, the explorer Sir Alfred Maudslay took the first photos of the ancient Mayan city. Nowadays, the area is said to be losing 100,000 acres of forest a year. It's being burnt for farms. One solution to this is to ask villagers to help protect the land. The Nazca Lines Ancient chalk drawings in Peru STATUS: in danger of disappearing The Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Mejia Xesspe was the first to study the Nazca Lines. He discovered them while he was exploring the area, in 1927. These ancient chalk drawings show more than a hundred different figures, including flowers, animals and humans, and are the oldest of their kind in the world. The largest figures stretch more than 200 metres across. It is believed that they date back to a time between 500 BCE and 500 CE. In recent years, however, tourism has brought litter and vandalism. To help protect the Nazca lines, barriers could be built on the road that runs through them. This would protect the drawings from cars and trucks which sometimes drive onto them. The Dead Sea A salt-water lake in Jordan STATUS: 24 metres shallower than 40 years ago The Dead Sea Scrolls are very important pieces of writing discovered in the area around the Dead Sea. Sadly, the Dead Sea has decreased in size by a third in the past 40-45 years, and it is known to have sunk over 24 metres since the 1980s. If countries around the sea continue to use water from the River Jordan, it is thought that the sea will not exist in 50 years' time. Action must be taken now to change the way people use the water from the River Jordan so that we can save this beautiful salt lake.

第十二单元 第110页阅读 练习3 拯救伟大的发现！ 在过去的几个世纪里，探险家们发现的许多地方现在都有消失的危险，而且许多地方已经消失了。 可悲的是，森林、湖泊、冰川和古代遗迹 正逐渐被全球变暖和人为灾害所摧毁。 我们能做些什么来拯救他们？ Chacaltaya冰川 安第斯山脉海拔5300米 状态：失踪 安第斯山脉的Chacaltaya冰川曾经是世界上最高的滑雪道。 事实上，峰顶比珠穆朗玛峰的大本营还要高。 这座冰川据信已有18000年的历史，1940年的长度为0.22平方公里。 它在1996年缩小到0.08平方公里，最终在2005年完全消失。 那么，它为什么会消失呢？ 答案是气候变化。 科学家预测它将在2015年消失。 事实上，它融化得更快。 气候变化也在破坏其他冰川。 在冰岛，人们相信科学家已经找到了解决方案。 他们向岩石中注入二氧化碳。 二氧化碳气体随后也变成了岩石。 这有助于阻止气温上升和冰融化。 米拉多盆地和蒂卡尔国家公园 危地马拉玛雅遗址的森林家园 现状：每年损失10万英亩森林 危地马拉米拉多盆地和蒂卡尔国家公园 这里是令人惊叹的金字塔和玛雅文明遗址的所在地。 1881年，探险家阿尔弗雷德·莫德斯利爵士首次拍摄了这座古代玛雅城市的照片。 如今，据说该地区每年损失10万英亩的森林。 它正在被烧为农场。 解决这个问题的一个办法是让村民帮助保护土地。 纳斯卡线 秘鲁古代粉笔画 状态：有消失的危险 秘鲁考古学家Toribio Mejia Xesspe是第一个研究纳斯卡线的人。 1927年，他在探索该地区时发现了它们。 这些古老的粉笔画展示了一百多个不同的人物， 包括花、动物和人类，是世界上同类中最古老的。 最大的数字跨度超过200米。 据信，它们可以追溯到公元前500年至公元500年之间。 然而，近年来，旅游业带来了垃圾和破坏行为。 为了帮助保护纳斯卡线，可以在穿过纳斯卡线的道路上修建障碍物。 这将保护图纸免受汽车和卡车的撞击。 死海 约旦的一个咸水湖 状态：比40年前浅24米 死海古卷是在死海周围地区发现的非常重要的文字。 可悲的是，在过去的40-45年里，死海的面积减少了三分之一， 众所周知，自20世纪80年代以来，它已经沉没了24米多。 如果沿海国家继续使用约旦河的水， 人们认为50年后海洋将不复存在。 现在必须采取行动，改变人们使用约旦河水的方式 这样我们才能拯救这个美丽的盐湖。

Page 113 LISTENING Exercise 8 & 9 Well, good morning everyone. My name's Maggie Wilson and I'm from an organisation called The Species Finders. I'm here today to talk to you about a few of the new species of animals and insects we've only recently discovered. Now, I don't know about you, but a lot of people think that we already know about all the animals, birds, fish and insects on this planet. But in fact that's simply not true. We're finding new species all the time. So the first species I'd like to tell you about today is the American Pocket shark. It's very cute! It was discovered in the Gulf of Mexico. It was caught in 2010 but it wasn't described as a new species until 2015. Now, it's very rare, only one or two of these sharks have ever been seen. Why do you think it's called a pocket shark? It's not in fact because it's tiny and only 14cm in length. It's because it has a pocket-like feature just near the fins below its head. Isn't that adorable? My next species is small and furry. For the first time in 80 years, a new rat species has been found in the South Pacific. In 2010, Tyrone Lavery heard rumours about a giant rat that could crack coconuts. It lived in the trees on Vangunu Island. There were even songs and children's rhymes about these rats. But Lavery couldn't find it. Then, in 2015, a ranger caught one of the rats as it ran out of a tree which was cut down. "As soon as I examined it, I knew it was different," Lavery said. It was indeed a new species. The next new species is this cute gibbon which was discovered in the forests of the Gaoligong mountains in southwest Asia. It's been named after the famous Star Wars character, Luke Skywalker. This is because of the gibbon's high treetop home and the mysticism surrounding it in Chinese history. The Skywalker gibbons' eyebrows are thinner and farther apart, and the shape of their skulls and teeth are different from other hoolock gibbons. Sadly, although it has just been found, the Skywalker is already on the list of endangered species. My final new species today, is a very eye-catching yellow and green frog that was discovered recently in Ecuador's cloud forests. According to a new study, it is a new species of rainfrog. Ecuador is home to 570 frog species. It's really beautiful. It too is already considered to be endangered. So, the good news is that we're finding new species all the time. We don't know how many more species are still out there. What we do know is that more will be found. What's not so good, of course, is that all these animals are endangered. Their habitat, that is the places where they live, is being destroyed rapidly, and it is human beings who are doing this. If we don't act now to stop habitats being destroyed, many animals will disappear and future generations will only see them in books. I think it's vital for humans to find ways to live well and without harming other living creatures, don't you? Page 113 FUNCTIONS Exercise 10 '... all these animals are endangered. Their habitat, that is the places where they live, is being destroyed rapidly, and it is human beings who are doing this. If we don't act now, to stop habitats being destroyed, many animals will disappear and future generations will only see them in books. I think it's vital for humans to find ways to live well and without harming other living creatures, don't you? Page 113 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 1 & 2 1 We're off on our adventure on Saturday. 2 We're going far away to explore amazing places. 3 We hope to learn more about our incredible Earth. 4 We'll remember our adventure for ever! 5 Join us on our adventure – follow our excellent blog! Page 113 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 3 1 We're off on our adventure on Saturday. 2 We're going far away to explore amazing places. 3 We hope to learn more about our incredible Earth. 4 We'll remember our adventure for ever! 5 Join us on our adventure – follow our excellent blog!

第113页列表 大家早上好。 我叫玛吉·威尔逊，来自一个名为“物种发现者”的组织。 今天我在这里和大家谈谈一些新的动物和昆虫物种 我们最近才发现。 现在，我不知道你， 但很多人认为我们已经了解了所有的动物， 这个星球上的鸟类、鱼类和昆虫。 但事实上，这根本不是真的。 我们一直在发现新物种。 所以今天我想告诉你们的第一个物种是美国口袋鲨。 它非常可爱！ 它是在墨西哥湾发现的。 它于2010年被捕获，但直到2015年才被描述为新物种。 现在，这种情况非常罕见，只见过一两条这样的鲨鱼。 你认为它为什么被称为口袋鲨？ 事实上，这并不是因为它很小，只有14厘米长。 这是因为它在头部下方的鳍附近有一个口袋状的特征。 这不是很可爱吗？ 我的下一个物种是小而毛茸茸的。 80年来第一次， 在南太平洋发现了一种新的老鼠。 2010年，Tyrone Lavery听到了关于一只可以敲开椰子的巨型老鼠的传言。 它住在万古努岛的树上。 甚至还有关于这些老鼠的歌曲和童谣。 但Lavery找不到它。 然后，在2015年，一名护林员抓住了一只从被砍倒的树上跑出来的老鼠。 Lavery说：“我一检查它，就知道它不一样了。”。 这确实是一个新物种。 下一个新物种是这只可爱的长臂猿 它是在亚洲西南部的高黎贡山森林中发现的。 它以《星球大战》中著名的角色卢克·天行者的名字命名。 这是因为长臂猿的高树顶家园以及中国历史上围绕它的神秘主义。 天行者长臂猿的眉毛更细，相距更远， 它们的头骨和牙齿的形状与其他白眉长臂猿不同。 可悲的是，虽然它刚刚被发现， 天行者已经被列入濒危物种名单。 我今天最后的新物种， 是一种非常引人注目的黄绿色青蛙，最近在厄瓜多尔的云雾林中被发现。 根据一项新的研究，它是一种新的雨蛙。 厄瓜多尔有570种青蛙。 它真的很漂亮。 它也被认为是濒危物种。 所以，好消息是我们一直在发现新物种。 我们不知道还有多少物种还在那里。 我们所知道的是，会发现更多。 当然，不好的是，所有这些动物都濒临灭绝。 它们的栖息地，也就是它们生活的地方， 正在迅速被摧毁，而这是人类在做的。 如果我们现在不采取行动阻止栖息地被破坏， 许多动物将消失，后代只会在书中看到它们。 我认为人类找到过上美好生活的方法至关重要 而且不会伤害其他生物，对吧？ 第113页功能 练习10 '.所有这些动物都濒临灭绝。 它们的栖息地，也就是它们生活的地方，正在迅速遭到破坏， 这是人类在做的。 如果我们现在不采取行动，阻止栖息地被破坏， 许多动物将消失，后代只会在书中看到它们。 我认为人类找到过上美好生活的方法至关重要 而且不会伤害其他生物，对吧？ 第113页 1我们星期六出发去探险。 2我们要去很远的地方探索神奇的地方。 3我们希望更多地了解我们令人难以置信的地球。 4我们会永远记住我们的冒险！ 5加入我们的冒险之旅——关注我们优秀的博客！ 第113页 练习3 1我们星期六出发去探险。 2我们要去很远的地方探索神奇的地方。 3我们希望更多地了解我们令人难以置信的地球。 4我们会永远记住我们的冒险！ 5加入我们的冒险之旅——关注我们优秀的博客！

Page 114 READING Exercise 3 EXPLORERS Almost every country on our planet has been explored and mapped and all of these have roads, railways and lines of communication. So it can be hard for us to imagine the people who went there without all the infrastructure that we now take for granted. This series celebrates the men and women who opened the world up and risked their lives to protect the people and environments they discovered along the way. This week, we profile a man not well-known outside his own country and continent – Candido Rondon. A FRIEND TO NATIVE PEOPLE CANDIDO RONDON In 1865, in a small village in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, a boy was born. His father was of Portuguese ancestry and his mother was a native Brazilian. Who could have known that his origins would play such a big part in helping to connect so many cultures in very real and visible ways? He decided to join the army as an engineer and when he was only 25, he was involved in the building of a road from Rio de Janeiro to Cuiabá, a journey that previously could only be made by boat. He was later given the monumental task of placing telegraph lines from Brazil to Bolivia and Peru. This was a difficult job through rough and unexplored terrain, so it required a skilled engineer. Rondon opened paths through uncharted territory, and he came into contact with the Bororo, a tribe he had family connections with on his mother's side. Rondon established a friendly and respectful relationship with the Bororo people, and the telegraph lines were completed with their help. Next, Rondon was given the job of extending the telegraph system from Mato Grosso to the Amazon. This time he came across and made friends with the Nambikwara, previously thought of as a timid but hostile tribe. Rondon got to know many tribes during his expeditions, and he was a great friend to them. He was disturbed and ashamed to learn about the terrible way that they were often treated by outsiders. He fought long and hard to protect them and their right to follow their own beliefs, traditions and customs. However, some people still considered him an outsider. During his expeditions in Amazonia, Rondon was attacked several times, and once he was wounded by an arrow. Other members of the expedition wanted to take revenge on the native people who had attacked them, but Rondon said, 'Die if necessary, but never kill.' Years later, Rondon set up Brazil's Indian Protection Service, an agency to safeguard the interests and support the cultures of native peoples. Rondon's famous words became its motto. Rondon died in 1958 and is remembered as a hero in Brazil. A state in Brazil (Rondonia) was named after him, as well as the airport in Cuiabá and several roads. Next week: Abel Tasman

第114页阅读 练习3 探险者 地球上几乎每个国家都被探索和绘制了地图 所有这些地方都有公路、铁路和交通线。 因此，我们很难想象那些没有所有基础设施就去那里的人 我们现在认为这是理所当然的。 这个系列庆祝那些打开世界的男人和女人 冒着生命危险保护他们一路上发现的人和环境。 本周，我们介绍了一个在自己的国家和大陆之外并不出名的人——坎迪多·兰登。 当地人的朋友Candio RONDON 1865年，在巴西马托格罗索州的一个小村庄里，一个男孩出生了。 他的父亲是葡萄牙血统，母亲是巴西人。 谁会想到他的出身会起到如此重要的作用 帮助以非常真实和可见的方式连接如此多的文化？ 他决定参军当工程师，年仅25岁时， 他参与了从里约热内卢到库亚巴的一条公路的建设， 以前只能乘船旅行。 后来，他被赋予了从巴西到玻利维亚和秘鲁铺设电报线的艰巨任务。 这是一项艰难的工作，需要穿越崎岖和未经探索的地形，因此需要一位熟练的工程师。 Rondon开辟了未知领域的道路，他和Bororo接触了， 他与母亲有家庭关系的一个部落。 Rondon与Bororo人民建立了友好和尊重的关系， 在他们的帮助下，电报线也完工了。 接下来，Rondon负责将电报系统从马托格罗索州延伸到亚马逊。 这一次，他偶然遇见了南比夸拉，并与之成为了朋友， 以前被认为是一个胆小但充满敌意的部落。 Rondon在探险期间结识了许多部落，他是他们的好朋友。 得知他们经常受到外人的恶劣对待，他感到不安和羞愧。 他为保护他们以及他们遵循自己的信仰、传统和习俗的权利进行了长期而艰苦的斗争。 然而，有些人仍然认为他是个局外人。 在亚马逊探险期间， Rondon被攻击了好几次，有一次他被箭射伤了。 探险队的其他成员想报复袭击他们的土著人， 但Rondon说：“必要时去死，但永远不要杀人。” 几年后，Rondon成立了巴西印第安人保护局， 维护土著人民利益和支持土著人民文化的机构。 Rondon的名言成为了它的座右铭。 Rondon于1958年去世，在巴西被人们铭记为英雄。 巴西的一个州（Rondonia）以他的名字命名， 以及库亚巴机场和几条道路。 下周：阿贝尔·塔斯曼

Page 116 Literature Exercise 3 The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle (1912) Professor George Challenger and his friend Lord John Roxton, together with a reporter and some local guides (one of whom is called Gomez), travel up the Amazon River to find a plateau. Challenger claims he has visited the plateau before, and that there are prehistoric creatures living there. Also with them is another professor who dislikes Challenger and doesn't believe his claims. The reporter narrates the story. The very next day we did actually make our start upon this remarkable expedition. We found that all our possessions fitted very easily into the two canoes, and we divided our personnel, six in each, taking the obvious precaution, in the interests of peace, of putting one professor into each canoe. [...] At dawn and at sunset the monkeys screamed together and the parrots started making their high-pitched noise, but during the hot hours of the day only the loud noise of insects, like the beat of a distant surf, filled the ear, while nothing moved amongst the solemn views of huge tree-trunks, fading away into the darkness which held us in. Once some creature, an ant-eater or a bear, walked clumsily amid the shadows. It was the only sign of life which I had seen in this great Amazonian forest. And yet there were indications that even human life itself was not far from us in those mysterious dark corners. On the third day out, we were aware of a strange, deep, rhythmic beat in the air, coming and going on-and-off throughout the morning. The two boats were moving within a few yards of each other when we first heard it, and our guides remained motionless, as if they had been turned to bronze, listening intently with expressions of terror upon their faces. 'What is it, then?' I asked. 'Drums,' said Lord John, carelessly, 'war drums. I have heard them before.' 'Yes, sir, war drums,' said Gomez. 'Native people, aggressive, not friendly; they watch us every mile of the way; kill us if they can. ' 'How can they watch us?' I asked, gazing into the dark. Gomez shrugged his broad shoulders. 'The native people know. They have their own way. They watch us. They talk the drum talk to each other. Kill us if they can.' By the afternoon of that day – my pocket diary shows me that it was Tuesday, August 18th – at least six or seven drums were beating from various points. Sometimes they beat quickly, sometimes slowly, sometimes in obvious question and answer, one far to the east breaking out in a high-pitched beat, and being followed after a pause by a deep roll from the north. There was something incredibly nerve-shaking and threatening in that constant noise, which seemed to shape itself into the words that Gomez used and endlessly repeated them: 'We will kill you if we can. We will kill you if we can.' No one ever moved in the silent woods. All the peace of quiet nature lay in that dark curtain of vegetation, but away from behind, there always came the one message from our fellow-man: 'We will kill you if we can,' said the men in the east. 'We will kill you if we can,' said the men in the north. [...] That night we tied our canoes with heavy stones for anchors in the centre of the stream, and made every preparation for a possible attack. Nothing came, however, and with the dawn we pushed upon our way, the drum-beating dying out behind us.

第116页文献 练习3 失落的世界 阿瑟·柯南·道尔（1912） 乔治·查林杰教授和他的朋友约翰·罗克斯顿勋爵， 与一名记者和一些当地导游（其中一位名叫戈麦斯）一起， 沿着亚马逊河旅行，寻找一个高原。 挑战者声称他以前去过高原， 那里生活着史前生物。 与他们同在的还有另一位教授，他不喜欢挑战者，也不相信他的说法。 记者讲述了这个故事。 就在第二天，我们确实开始了这次非凡的探险。 我们发现我们所有的东西都很容易装进两艘独木舟里， 为了和平，我们采取了明显的预防措施，将人员分成六人， 每艘独木舟上放一位教授。 [...] 黎明和日落时，猴子们一起尖叫 鹦鹉开始发出尖锐的叫声， 但在白天炎热的时候，只有昆虫的巨大噪音， 就像远处海浪的拍打声，充满了耳朵， 在巨大树干的庄严景色中，什么也没动， 渐渐消失在把我们困在里面的黑暗中。 曾经有一种生物，食蚁兽或熊，笨拙地在阴影中行走。 这是我在这片巨大的亚马逊森林中看到的唯一生命迹象。 然而，有迹象表明，在那些神秘的黑暗角落里，甚至人类生命本身也离我们不远。 外出的第三天，我们意识到空气中有一种奇怪的、深沉的、有节奏的节拍， 整个上午来来往往。 当我们第一次听到它时，两艘船正在相距几码以内移动， 我们的向导一动不动，仿佛变成了青铜， 他们脸上带着恐惧的表情专注地听着。 那么，这是什么？我问。 “鼓声，”约翰勋爵漫不经心地说， 战鼓。我以前听过他们。” “是的，先生，战鼓，”戈麦斯说。 “土著人，好斗，不友好； 他们一路上都在监视我们；如果可以的话，杀了我们。 ' “他们怎么能看着我们？我凝视着黑暗，问道。 戈麦斯耸了耸宽阔的肩膀。 “当地人知道。他们有自己的方式。他们看着我们。 他们彼此交谈。如果可以的话，杀了我们。” 到那天下午——我的袖珍日记显示那是8月18日星期二—— 至少有六七个鼓从不同的地方传来。 有时他们打得很快，有时打得很慢， 有时在明显的问答中， 一个在遥远的东方以高音节拍爆发， 稍作停顿后，接着是来自北方的深沉翻滚。 在那持续不断的噪音中，有一种令人难以置信的神经颤抖和威胁， 这似乎形成了戈麦斯使用并无休止地重复的词语： “如果可以的话，我们会杀了你。如果可以的话，我们会杀了你。” 寂静的树林里从来没有人动过。 宁静自然的一切宁静都笼罩在那片黑暗的植被中， 但从背后，我们的同胞总是传来一条信息： “如果可以的话，我们会杀了你，”东部的人说。 “如果可以的话，我们会杀了你，”北方的人说。 [...] 那天晚上，我们用沉重的石头把独木舟绑在溪水中央作为锚， 并为可能的袭击做好了充分准备。 然而，什么也没来，随着黎明的到来，我们继续前进，鼓声在我们身后渐渐消失了。

Unit 11 & 12 Page 118 CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH B2 First for Schools LISTENING Part 2 Exercise 1 You will hear a woman called Frances Williams talking about her work as an oceanographer. For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with a word or a short phrase. Thanks for the invitation to talk to you today. I'm a geological oceanographer, and when I mention this to people I usually see that they have no idea what it entails. So first, let me give you a brief introduction to the field of oceanography. As the name suggests, it's the science of studying the world's oceans. This is of huge importance given the challenges the world faces because of rising sea temperatures caused by climate change. Oceanographers are doing essential research in order to find solutions to this problem. There are many different types of oceanographers. Marine biologists look into the effect of changing conditions on plants and all types of fish and other sea creatures and they collect data about them. Because of course it's not just humans that are being affected by climate change. There are a number of shark species that are in danger of becoming extinct – to give just one example. Then we have chemical oceanographers. They look into the ways in which pollution is having an effect on the chemistry of the ocean waters. They also study the critical role the ocean plays in regulating the earth's climate by removing carbon from the atmosphere and providing oxygen. And they might be involved in exploring what kind of materials found in oceans could be used in the development of medicines. Physical oceanographers, in turn, do research into all kinds of physical movements of the oceans, including waves, currents and tides and how these movements affect coastlines. For example, how sand is transported by the sea on and off the coast. And last but not least, there are geological oceanographers, like me. What we do research into is the ocean floor and how its mountains and valleys were formed. My particular area of expertise is in the study of unders sea volcanic activity. I've always found this really fascinating. There are lots of new discoveries being made all the time. A recent study mapped about 20% of the sea floor of the Pacific Ocean, which led to the discovery of several new species. But 95% of the world's ocean floors are still to be explored – which is really exciting. It's only recently that we've had the technology to explore the deepest parts of the ocean, such as the so-called Challenger Deep, a place that is almost 11,000 metres under the sea. It's significantly deeper than the height of the highest mountain, Mount Everest, which is about 9,000 metres. People always thought that the deepest parts of the oceans were totally silent. Well, in our research we have found that the opposite is the case. With the help of microphones that are fixed to special submarines that can go to these depths we have recorded high volume sounds. These sounds are evidence of the enormous amounts of energy there are at work down there – there are rumbling sea-quakes, the equivalent of earthquakes as we know them, and extremely violent currents that have a similar effect on the seafloor that extreme winds such as hurricanes or tornadoes have on the surface of our planet.

第118页 剑桥英语B2学校优先 倾听第2部分 练习1 你会听到一个叫弗朗西斯·威廉姆斯的女人 谈论她作为海洋学家的工作。 对于问题1-10， 用一个单词或短语完成句子。 感谢您邀请我今天与您交谈。 我是一名地质海洋学家，当我向人们提及此事时 我通常看到他们不知道这需要什么。 首先，让我简要介绍一下海洋学领域。 顾名思义，这是研究世界海洋的科学。 鉴于世界面临的挑战，这一点非常重要 因为气候变化导致海水温度上升。 海洋学家正在进行必要的研究，以找到解决这个问题的办法。 有许多不同类型的海洋学家。 海洋生物学家研究环境变化对植物的影响 以及所有类型的鱼类和其他海洋生物，他们收集有关它们的数据。 当然，受气候变化影响的不仅仅是人类。 有许多鲨鱼物种有灭绝的危险—— 仅举一例。 然后我们有化学海洋学家。 他们研究了污染对海水化学的影响。 他们还研究了海洋在调节地球气候方面的关键作用 通过从大气中去除碳并提供氧气。 他们可能会参与探索在海洋中发现了什么样的物质 可用于药物开发。 反过来，物理海洋学家， 研究海洋的各种物理运动， 包括波浪、洋流和潮汐，以及这些运动如何影响海岸线。 例如，沙子是如何通过海洋在海岸内外运输的。 最后但同样重要的是，还有像我这样的地质海洋学家。 我们研究的是海底及其山脉和山谷是如何形成的。 我的专业领域是研究海底火山活动。 我一直觉得这很有趣。 一直以来都有很多新的发现。 最近的一项研究绘制了太平洋海底约20%的地图， 这导致了几个新物种的发现。 但世界上95%的海底仍有待探索，这真的很令人兴奋。 直到最近，我们才有了探索海洋最深处的技术， 例如所谓的挑战者深海，一个位于海底近11000米的地方。 它比最高峰的高度要深得多， 珠穆朗玛峰，海拔约9000米。 人们一直认为海洋最深处是完全沉默的。 在我们的研究中，我们发现情况正好相反。 在固定在可以进入这些深度的特殊潜艇上的麦克风的帮助下 我们录制了高音量的声音。 这些声音证明了那里有巨大的能量在起作用—— 有隆隆的海震，相当于我们所知道的地震， 以及对海底产生类似影响的极其剧烈的洋流 飓风或龙卷风等极端风会吹到我们星球的表面。