Unit 10

Unit 10 Page 92 READING Exercise 4 FAKE NEWS The rise in the last decade or so of 'fake news' has also led to increased research into what it is, how it spreads and what its effects are. Many people believe that they can spot 'fake news' and that they are not taken in by it. One of the most worrying research discoveries is that this is not really true. Many studies have shown that we become more willing to believe something if we read or hear it enough times – and that includes things that we start off not believing. Back in 2015, some researchers in the US gave students statements which they were told were very likely to be false. When the statements were repeated several times, however, many students became uncertain. The lead researcher said that repeating something often enough made some students begin to think it was true. The 'good news' from the research is that our knowledge is still a strong factor in determining what we believe or disbelieve. However, since there's so much fake news going around these days, the research results are a little disturbing. What adds to the feeling that we should be worried about fake news is further research showing that it spreads way faster than the truth. A ten-year study with three million Twitter users followed the spread of over 120,000 Twitter stories (a 'story' was a tweet that made a statement about something outside the user's own life – the statements were fact checked by independent organisations). A researcher said that they had found some frightening things – especially the fact that truthful tweets took six times longer to spread to other Twitter users than fake ones. It's clear that people who produce fake news know that people love headlines and statements that shock, that disgust, that are scary. This is one reason why people are more likely to share them – they touch people's hopes and fears. One researcher said that often people share something, not because they necessarily thought it was true, but because it would make friends and people in their network react strongly. But surely, now, after basically two decades of the internet and social media, people are much better at assessing whether something is true or not. Apparently not. Recently, American high-school students were given a photo of a damaged flower. The researchers told them it was a flower from near a damaged nuclear power plant, but did not tell them what the source of the photo was. Forty percent of the students thought the photo was good evidence about the state of the area around the nuclear plant, even though they had no idea where it came from. So if you want to get real, not fake, news, check where it comes from. If it's a shared piece, who's sharing it with you and why? If it's from a website, have a look at the stories on the site – if they're all shocking or scandalous stories, be careful. And generally, never accept something's true unless the research confirms it: see if you can find it in other – trustworthy – places, too.

第十单元 第92页阅读 练习4 假新闻 过去十年左右“假新闻”的兴起 也导致了对它是什么的研究增加， 它如何传播及其影响。 许多人相信他们可以发现“假新闻” 他们不会被它所吸引。 最令人担忧的研究发现之一是，事实并非如此。 许多研究表明，我们更愿意相信某事 如果我们读或听的次数足够多—— 这包括我们一开始不相信的事情。 早在2015年，美国的一些研究人员就向学生发表了声明 他们被告知这很可能是假的。 然而，当这些陈述被重复几次时，许多学生变得不确定。 首席研究员表示，经常重复某事 让一些学生开始认为这是真的。 研究的“好消息” 我们的知识仍然是决定我们相信或不相信什么的重要因素。 然而，由于这些天假新闻太多了， 研究结果有点令人不安。 是什么让我们觉得应该担心假新闻 进一步的研究表明，它的传播速度比真相快得多。 一项针对300万推特用户的十年研究 追踪了超过12万条推特故事的传播 （“故事”是一条推特，它表达了用户生活之外的一些事情—— 这些陈述经过独立组织的事实核查）。 一位研究人员说，他们发现了一些可怕的事情—— 尤其是真实推文传播给其他推特用户的时间是虚假推文的六倍。 很明显，制造假新闻的人 要知道，人们喜欢那些令人震惊、厌恶、可怕的头条新闻和声明。 这就是为什么人们更有可能分享它们的原因之一—— 它们触动了人们的希望和恐惧。 一位研究人员说，人们经常分享一些东西，不是因为他们一定认为这是真的， 但因为这会让朋友和网络中的人做出强烈反应。 但现在，在互联网和社交媒体基本上发展了二十年之后， 人们更善于判断某事是否属实。 显然不是。 最近，美国高中生收到了一张受损花朵的照片。 研究人员告诉他们，这是一朵来自受损核电站附近的花， 但没有告诉他们照片的来源。 40%的学生认为这张照片是很好的证据 关于核电站周围地区的状况， 尽管他们不知道它是从哪里来的。 所以，如果你想得到真实的新闻，而不是虚假的新闻，请检查它来自哪里。 如果这是一个分享的作品，谁会和你分享，为什么？ 如果它来自一个网站，看看网站上的故事—— 如果它们都是令人震惊或丑闻的故事，要小心。 一般来说，除非研究证实，否则永远不要接受某事是真的： 看看你是否也能在其他值得信赖的地方找到它。

Page 94 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 1 & 2 Hilary and Hector aren't speaking to each other. What happened? He hurt her feelings. He said he didn't like her new haircut. How horrible! Did he mean to upset her? Of course he didn't! Page 94 PRONUNCIATION Exercise 3 Hilary and Hector aren't speaking to each other. What happened? He hurt her feelings. He said he didn't like her new haircut. How horrible! Did he mean to upset her? Of course he didn't! Page 95 LISTENING Exercise 8 & 9 Hello, everyone. It's great to see so many of you here today. Well, I'm what's called a foreign correspondent. That means that I'm a reporter for my newspaper who reports on things that are happening abroad. So of course I spend a lot of time away from home, I travel around the world and I try to tell readers at home what's going on in other places. I'm here today to answer your questions so I hope you have lots of them. Where shall we start? The young man in the front row. Do you travel to dangerous places? Yes. Sometimes you go to a war zone, for example, because to get a really good story you have to get close to the action. And sometimes the action is in a place where there's fighting, and that's dangerous, of course. But often, it's more dangerous for the local people who help me – drivers, translators, even the people who arrange interviews for me. I might stay in the country for a few days or weeks and then I come home, but they stay there because that's where they live, and it's obviously way harder for them. But you asked me if my job was dangerous. And, yes, it is some of the time. So why do you do it? Good question! Well, I do it because I think it's important and helpful. And of course it's exciting. It's very, very exciting and in a way you get hooked on it. I mean, I can't imagine working in an office, sitting behind a desk every day. How do you prepare for each story? Well, you have to know quite a lot about the place you're going to. You have to spend time reading and talking to people and finding things out. And depending where you're going, sometimes you have to train physically, you know, you might be in a desert or up some mountains, so you have to be fit. For one story I did, where I had to follow the army in the Sahara, I had two weeks of training with an army instructor; he asked me to run ten kilometres with a heavy pack on my back. I didn't like that much! What is the most difficult part of your job? Right. Well, I'd say the most difficult part is trying to be objective, you know, to write about what you see and not what you think you see or what you want to see. And sometimes people think your report isn't a fair representation of the facts. Would you recommend your job to other people? Oh, yes, absolutely. I mean it isn't for everyone – just now, someone asked me why I do it and it's not the first time I've heard that question! But it's a fantastic job, I love it and feel very privileged to have the opportunity to do the work I do.

第94页公告 希拉里和赫克托没有说话。 怎么搞的？ 他伤害了她的感情。 他说他不喜欢她的新发型。 那还了得! 他是故意惹她生气的吗？ 他当然没有！ 第94页公告 练习3 希拉里和赫克托没有说话。 怎么搞的？ 他伤害了她的感情。 他说他不喜欢她的新发型。 那还了得! 他是故意惹她生气的吗？ 他当然没有！ 第95页列表 大家好。很高兴今天在这里见到你们这么多人。 嗯，我是所谓的外国记者。 这意味着我是我报社的记者 谁报道国外发生的事情。 所以我当然花了很多时间不在家， 我周游世界，试图告诉家里的读者其他地方发生了什么。 我今天在这里回答你的问题，所以我希望你有很多问题。 我们从哪里开始？前排的那个年轻人。 你会去危险的地方旅行吗？ 对。例如，有时你会去战区， 因为要得到一个真正好的故事，你必须接近动作。 有时，行动发生在有战斗的地方， 当然，这很危险。 但通常，这对帮助我的当地人来说更危险—— 司机、翻译，甚至为我安排面试的人。 我可能会在乡下呆几天或几周，然后回家， 但他们留在那里是因为他们住在那里， 这对他们来说显然要困难得多。 但你问我的工作是否危险。 而且，是的，这是一段时间。 那你为什么这么做？ 好问题！好吧，我这样做是因为我认为这很重要，也很有帮助。 当然，这很令人兴奋。 这非常非常令人兴奋，在某种程度上你会被它迷住的。 我的意思是，我无法想象在办公室工作，每天坐在桌子后面。 你如何为每个故事做准备？ 嗯，你必须对你要去的地方了解很多。 你必须花时间阅读和与人交谈，找出事情的真相。 根据你要去哪里，有时你必须进行体能训练， 你知道，你可能在沙漠里或山上，所以你必须保持健康。 我做了一个故事，我必须跟随撒哈拉沙漠的军队， 我和一位陆军教官一起训练了两周； 他让我背着沉重的背包跑十公里。 我不太喜欢！ 你工作中最困难的部分是什么？ 正确的嗯，我想说最困难的部分是尽量客观，你知道， 写你所看到的，而不是你认为你看到了什么或你想看到什么。 有时人们认为你的报告没有公平地反映事实。 你会向别人推荐你的工作吗？ 哦，是的，当然。 我的意思是，这并不适合所有人—— 刚才有人问我为什么这么做，这已经不是我第一次听到这个问题了！ 但这是一份很棒的工作， 我喜欢它，有机会做我所做的工作，我感到非常荣幸。

Page 96 READING Exercise 2 We continue our 'secret professional' series with an offering from an anonymous paparazzo. The Secret Paparazzo A I've always loved cameras and photographs. After I left school, I worked with a local photographer, then a bit later for a newspaper. One day, the editor said he wanted some photos of a famous person who lived nearby and I agreed to go and get them. I got some good photos, and a big national newspaper bought them, too. I thought, 'OK, this is how I can make good money.' B That's how my life as a paparazzo started. (By the way, that's the singular – paparazzi is plural) Paparazzi are not the most popular people in the world – especially after what happened to Princess Diana – but I've never regretted taking up the profession. And I've never denied being a paparazzo. That said, when I meet people I just say I'm a photographer and leave it at that. It's easier that way. C I never apologise for doing what I do, because I don't think I need to. I take photos of famous people (often without them knowing, it's true) and then sell the photos to magazines. If people didn't buy those magazines, I wouldn't be able to sell the photos. I provide a service and I'm not ashamed of it. I love my job. I like the money, but I also like the challenge, the fact that you have to know where the celebrity's going to be. You have to be technically good, too – not everyone can take a good photo of someone at a distance. D People have accused me of doing an unpleasant thing – but I honestly don't think it is. I take photos and sell them. Am I telling lies? Stealing? Attacking people? No, and in fact I've always argued that celebrities don't mind as much as you might think. A famous person once admitted to me that they often leaked information about where they were so the paparazzi could get photos. The old saying is: all publicity is good publicity, and they know it. You can tell me that celebrities don't want their private lives invaded, but you can't tell me they don't love publicity. E I can understand, though, why paparazzi get some bad press sometimes. Not all of my colleagues are as ethical as they might be. We've often been criticised for taking photos of young children – something I don't do, by the way – and quite right, too. And should we take photos of people when they're ill? When they're at a funeral? I've got my views, some of my colleagues have got theirs. But then we're just like bankers or lawyers, aren't we? F The profession is different now. A colleague warned me years ago that social media would change things, and she was right. I use it a lot. I follow celebrities' posts and they help me find out where they are. It helps with legal issues, too. It used to be much harder for us! For example, celebrity X finds a photo of themselves somewhere and posts it on social media – only, the photo was taken by a paparazzo who says, 'That photo's mine and you need permission to use it! So, be prepared to pay for it, or you can't use it!' Page 97 FUNCTIONS Exercise 7 8 & 9 I'm sorry, but there's no way this is a news story. I mean just because this woman was famous for a short while a few years ago doesn't mean that everything she says is news. I'm really against running this story. My mind's made up! This is exactly the kind of story we want. This woman always causes controversy and that's what our readers like to read. She sells papers. We're definitely going with this story. And that's final.

第96页阅读 练习2 我们继续我们的“秘密专业”系列 一位匿名狗仔队的报价。 秘密狗仔队 A我一直喜欢相机和照片。 离开学校后，我和一位当地摄影师一起工作， 然后过一会儿去看报纸。 有一天，编辑说他想要一些住在附近的名人的照片 我同意去拿。 我拍了一些好照片，一家全国性的大报纸也买了。 我想，‘好吧，这就是我赚大钱的方法。’ B我狗仔队的生活就是这样开始的。 （顺便说一句，这是单数——狗仔队是复数） 狗仔队不是世界上最受欢迎的人—— 尤其是在戴安娜王妃遭遇不幸之后—— 但我从不后悔从事这个职业。 我从未否认自己是狗仔队的一员。 也就是说，当我遇到人时，我只是说我是一名摄影师，并就此打住。 那样更容易。 C我从不为我所做的事道歉，因为我认为我不需要道歉。 我给名人拍照（通常他们不知道，这是真的） 然后把照片卖给杂志。 如果人们不买那些杂志，我就卖不出去这些照片了。 我提供服务，我并不为此感到羞愧。 我热爱我的工作。我喜欢钱，但我也喜欢挑战， 你必须知道名人会去哪里。 你也必须在技术上很好—— 不是每个人都能拍到远处某人的好照片。 D人们指责我做了一件不愉快的事情，但我真的不这么认为。 我拍摄照片并出售。 我在撒谎吗？偷窃？攻击人民？ 不，事实上，我一直认为名人并不像你想象的那么介意。 一位名人曾向我承认，他们经常泄露自己的行踪信息 这样狗仔队就可以拍到照片了。 俗话说：所有的宣传都是好的宣传，他们也知道。 你可以告诉我，名人不希望他们的私生活受到侵犯， 但你不能告诉我他们不喜欢宣传。 E不过，我能理解为什么狗仔队有时会得到一些负面报道。 并非我的所有同事都像他们可能的那样有道德。 我们经常因拍摄幼儿照片而受到批评—— 顺便说一句，这是我不做的事情，而且也很正确。 我们应该给生病的人拍照吗？他们什么时候参加葬礼？ 我有我的观点，我的一些同事也有他们的观点。 但我们就像银行家或律师，不是吗？ F现在的职业不同了。 几年前，一位同事警告我，社交媒体会改变一切，她是对的。 我经常使用它。我关注名人的帖子，他们帮我找出他们在哪里。 它也有助于解决法律问题。 过去对我们来说要困难得多！ 例如，名人X在某个地方找到自己的照片并将其发布在社交媒体上—— 只是，这张照片是由一位狗仔队拍摄的，他说：， 那张照片是我的，你需要得到许可才能使用！ 所以，准备好付钱，否则你就不能用了！” 第97页功能 很抱歉，这不可能是新闻报道。 我的意思是，仅仅因为这位女士几年前曾短暂成名 这并不意味着她说的一切都是新闻。 我真的反对报道这个故事。我下定决心了！ 这正是我们想要的故事。 这个女人总是引起争议，这就是我们的读者喜欢读的。 她卖报纸。 我们肯定会继续这个故事。这是最后的决定。

Page 98 DEVELOPING SPEAKING Exercise 1 & 2 Hi Luke. You're late. What kept you? It's none of your business, Bea. Wow! You're in a bad mood. Have you had some bad news or something? No, not bad news, but you're right; I'm not in a good mood. I'm embarrassed and angry at myself. You'll never guess what happened to me. I got stopped in the street, that local TV news programme was there with a camera crew and an interviewer. She said, 'So, what do you think about the plans for the new shopping centre?' And all I could say was, 'What new shopping centre?' Everyone laughed. It was so embarrassing. My big chance to be on TV and I blew it! Hah, hah, hah! That's so funny! 'What new shopping centre?' Brilliant! Oh come on, Luke – you've got to try to see the funny side of it. I guess, but it's not easy when you've made a fool of yourself. Oh, don't worry. No one knows about it – except me, of course! But how on earth do you not know about the shopping centre plans? Don't you follow the news? I do. Well, I look at things on Twitter sometimes, at least. But I've been so busy lately, what with exams and everything. In any case, why haven't we been discussing it at school? There's a current affairs lesson every week, isn't there? Those lessons aren't about local stuff, you know that. We talk about climate change and world politics, not new shopping centres. But I can tell you all about it if you like. Don't bother. It's too late now. I mean, they're not going to ask me again, are they? No, but you might want to know what's going on in your own hometown.

第98页发展演讲 嗨，卢克。你迟到了。是什么留住了你？ 这不关你的事，Bea。 哇！你心情不好。 你有什么坏消息吗？ 不，这不是坏消息，但你说得对；我心情不好。 我为自己感到尴尬和愤怒。 你永远猜不到我发生了什么事。 我在街上被拦住了， 当地电视新闻节目有一个摄制组和一个采访者。 她说：“那么，你觉得新购物中心的计划怎么样？” 我只能说，‘什么新的购物中心？’ 大家都笑了。太尴尬了。 我上电视的大好机会，我搞砸了！ 哈哈哈！真好笑！ “什么新购物中心？” 杰出的哦，得了吧，卢克——你必须试着看到它有趣的一面。 我想，但当你出丑的时候，这并不容易。 哦，别担心。 没有人知道这件事——当然，除了我！ 但你怎么会不知道购物中心的计划呢？ 你不关注新闻吗？ 我愿意。 好吧，至少我有时会在推特上看东西。 但我最近太忙了，忙于考试和其他事情。 不管怎样，为什么我们在学校没有讨论过这个问题？ 每周都有一节时事课，不是吗？ 这些课程不是关于当地的东西，你知道的。 我们谈论的是气候变化和世界政治，而不是新的购物中心。 但如果你愿意，我可以告诉你一切。 不用麻烦了。现在太晚了。 我的意思是，他们不会再问我了，是吗？ 没有，但你可能想知道你家乡发生了什么。

Unit 9 & 10 Page 100 CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH B2 First for Schools LISTENING Part 4 Exercise 1 You will hear an interview with a teenager called Diana Hollingsworth about the 'Good News Project'. For questions 1-7 choose the best answer (A, B or C). We all like to complain that there seems to be nothing but bad news when we turn on the TV or open the newspaper but do we ever think of doing something about it? One person who has decided to do just that is 16-year-old Diana Hollingsworth who is here with me today to tell us all about her 'Good News Project'. Diana, welcome. Tell us, just what is the Good News Project? The Good News Project is exactly what its name suggests. It's a project to hunt down and report stories that will make us feel happy about the world that we live in. And how did you come up with the idea? Well, all the depressing stories in the news were getting me down, but I was even more tired of hearing people going on and on about the same problems and I thought to myself 'I should definitely do something about this'. I was the editor of the school magazine so I decided that the next issue would contain nothing but good news. I also used the magazine to explain my idea to pupils. I was amazed by the response I got. Loads of them came forward with stories. That's when I thought I could do more. And now you print stories in the local paper. How did you get involved with that? My mum has a friend on the local newspaper and she arranged for me to meet her. I took along some of the stories that I'd been given by people at school and explained my idea to the journalists there. They loved the idea and said that each week they would publish one of our stories to see how the public responded to it. It was such a success that after a few months we were publishing around five stories in each edition. I've learnt so much from this experience. And you're also on the local radio station? Tell us more about that. The producer of the radio station had seen our stories in the newspaper and really liked the idea of doing something similar. So now I produce a good news story for the broadcast at the end of their news bulletins. I love coming up with amusing stories that will cheer people up. I don't actually listen to myself though because I sound weird. It sounds like you're quite busy. I am. I mean I don't do all the work myself. I have a team of reporters who find the stories but I'm the one who makes the final decision as to which stories we're going to pass on to the paper and the radio. It's actually quite a bit of responsibility because I need to be sure that the stories are 100% accurate, which can be challenging. It's probably the toughest part of the job. So who writes your stories? Are they all young people like yourself? Most of them are. Most of them are pupils from our school but actually anyone can get in touch and send in a story. They can do it just once or they can contribute regularly. And they don't have to write the story. I'm happy to do that if I have all the facts. The only thing we ask any potential contributor is that their story should be either current or about something that's only just happened. And of course it has to be uplifting. Has doing this project changed your opinion of the news in any way? Oh, definitely. Before I always saw the world as a dangerous place and I felt powerless to do anything about all the problems the world is facing. I try not to think about those and instead I focus on things individuals can do. I know there are things that people like me can do to make the world a better place. That's good to hear. And finally – can you give us some examples of your favourite types of stories. Oh my goodness. Where do I start? Animals always make good stories. Animals doing silly things, people finding their lost cats, that sort of thing. We also have lots of stories about people doing amazing things to raise money for people in our area – like building a skatepark, for example. I like those the most because everyone can get involved. Sport is also a good topic. We had an inspiring story the other day about an 82-year-old man who still plays football every week. Diana, it's been a pleasure. Thank you so much for telling all about the Good News Project and good luck for the future. You're welcome and thanks for having me.

第100页 剑桥英语B2学校优先 听第4部分练习1 您将听到一位名叫戴安娜·霍林斯沃思的青少年关于“好消息项目”的采访。 对于问题1-7，选择最佳答案（A、B或C）。 我们都喜欢抱怨，当我们打开电视时，似乎只有坏消息 或者打开报纸，但我们有没有想过为此做点什么？ 16岁的戴安娜·霍林斯沃思决定这样做 她今天和我在一起，向我们讲述她的“好消息项目”。 戴安娜，欢迎。 告诉我们，好消息项目是什么？ 好消息项目正是它的名字所暗示的。 这是一个寻找和报道故事的项目 这会让我们对我们生活的世界感到高兴。 你是怎么想出这个主意的？ 好吧，新闻中所有令人沮丧的故事都让我很沮丧， 但我更厌倦了听到人们没完没了地谈论同样的问题 我心想，‘我一定要为此做点什么’。 我是学校杂志的编辑，所以我决定下一期只包含好消息。 我还用这本杂志向学生们解释了我的想法。 我对我得到的回应感到惊讶。 他们中的许多人都讲了故事。 就在那时，我觉得我可以做得更多。 现在你在当地报纸上刊登故事。 你是怎么卷入这件事的？ 我妈妈在当地报纸上有个朋友 她安排我见她。 我带了一些学校里的人给我讲的故事 并向那里的记者解释了我的想法。 他们喜欢这个主意 并表示每周他们都会发布一篇我们的报道，看看公众对此有何反应。 它取得了巨大的成功，几个月后，我们每版都出版了大约五篇故事。 我从这次经历中学到了很多。 你也在当地的广播电台吗？ 告诉我们更多关于这一点。 广播电台的制作人在报纸上看到了我们的故事 我真的很喜欢做类似事情的想法。 所以现在我在他们的新闻简报末尾为广播制作了一个好消息。 我喜欢想出有趣的故事来让人们高兴起来。 我其实不听自己的，因为我听起来很奇怪。 听起来你很忙。 是的。我的意思是，我并不是自己做所有的工作。 我有一个记者团队，他们会找到这些故事 但最终决定权在我 至于我们要把哪些故事传给报纸和广播。 这实际上是相当大的责任 因为我需要确保这些故事是100%准确的，这可能具有挑战性。 这可能是工作中最难的部分。 谁写你的故事？ 他们都是像你一样的年轻人吗？ 他们中的大多数都是。 他们中的大多数是我们学校的学生，但实际上任何人都可以联系我们并发送故事。 他们可以只做一次，也可以定期捐款。 他们不必写故事。 如果我掌握了所有事实，我很乐意这样做。 我们只问任何潜在的贡献者 他们的故事应该是最新的，或者是关于刚刚发生的事情。 当然，它必须令人振奋。 做这个项目是否以任何方式改变了你对新闻的看法？ 哦，当然。以前我总是把世界看作一个危险的地方 对于世界面临的所有问题，我感到无能为力。 我尽量不去想这些，而是专注于个人可以做的事情。 我知道像我这样的人可以做一些事情，让世界变得更美好。 很高兴听到这个消息。 最后，你能给我们举一些你最喜欢的故事类型的例子吗。 哦，我的天哪。我从哪里开始？ 动物总是能写出好故事。 动物做傻事， 人们寻找丢失的猫，诸如此类的事情。 我们也有很多关于人们为我们地区的人们筹集资金而做出惊人事情的故事—— 比如建一个滑板公园。 我最喜欢这些，因为每个人都可以参与其中。 体育也是一个很好的话题。 前几天，我们有一个鼓舞人心的故事，讲的是一位82岁的老人 他仍然每周踢足球。 戴安娜，我很荣幸。 非常感谢您讲述好消息项目的所有内容，并祝您未来好运。 不客气，谢谢你邀请我。