Unit 07 Breaking Away

Unit 7 Page 66 READING exercise 5 CHANGING THE RULES A CHANGING THE MARATHON In 1967, runner 261 was just one of hundreds of competitors in the Boston Marathon - KV Switzer. But something was different. The race started and soon spectators and photographers realised that KV Switzer was ... a woman. Back then, there was no rule that women couldn't run official long-distance races - they simply didn't, and many thought they wouldn't want to. When Kathrine Switzer registered for the marathon, she wrote her initials as she always did, so no one found out she was a woman. When she showed up for the race, none of the race officials noticed, so when the starter fired the gun, she set off. But after about six kilometres, an official called Jock Semple wanted to make her stop. He ran out, grabbed her and tried to pull her off the road. Switzer's friend Tom Miller pushed Semple away, and Switzer carried on running. She finished the race in 4 hours 20 minutes. After the race, Switzer was banned from entering athletics events because she had run with men. However, newspaper reports of her run made many people question their ideas about women and running. In 1972, public opinion forced the organisers of the Boston Marathon to let women compete. One of them was Switzer. Later, she went on to play an important role as a campaigner, which led to the first ever women's Olympic marathon in the 1984 Games. In 2017, Switzer ran the Boston Marathon again, aged 70. She finished in 4 hours 44 minutes. And the organisers retired number 261 - no one will use that number again. B MALE STUDENT IN AN ALL-WOMEN COLLEGE Joe Hogan took up nursing as a young man. He didn't have many qualifications, but he started working at a community hospital in Mississippi, US. In 1981, he decided that he wanted to get higher qualifications. He didn't have enough money to go to medical school, so he applied for a course in nursing. One option he had was to enrol at the University of Mississippi, but that was almost 200 km away from his home. He didn't want to move, or to travel that far every day - so he applied to the Mississippi University for Women (MUW). MUW leaders turned him down - as a college for women only, it did not allow men to study there. But Joe didn't give up. He went to court, but he lost the first time. He went to court again and in 1982, after a year of arguments, a panel of nine judges decided that MUW had to accept Joe as a student. The president of MUW (a man) was furious, and many of the students (women) thought the decision was wrong and that the college should not let Hogan enrol. But the college, in the end, had no choice - and Hogan joined. MUW ended up accepting men on all its courses (not just nursing) and now a small number of men study there. The college has not changed its name, however.

Page 69 LISTENING exercise 6 and 7 ... and so first of all I want to say the I think travelling's a great thing, but of course a lot depends on you, the way you look at things and what you want to see. I'm used to exploring and meeting new people. I learn so much. Is there, one place that you would really like to go back to? Well, there's a special place in my heart now for India. I found the experience quite difficult at first, but after a while, I found it a magical place. Is it difficult to travel around? It's a large country. So you need to use lots of different types of transports. By boats, buses and trains. How did you travel around? By train, mostly. Trains are very crowded, but I soon got used to that. And the experience was incredible. Some really unamazing scenery. What's about the food, though? I'd love to go to India, but I can't get used to spicy food. Did you have to eat spicy food all the time? Listen. Just go and don't worry about the food. Indian food is wonderful and it certainly is not always spicy. It's a really great place if you're a vegetarian, like me. And different parts of India have very different delicious food. Do people there speaking English? I think I have their different languages spoken there. That's right. For example, Edu and Hindi. But also, a lot of people speak English there as it an official language. But in some places, people aren't used to seeing foreigners. All the same, I throught everyone was really warm and kind even when we didn't understand the language other well. So the people were nice? Oh, sure. I mean, afterall, people are people. There are variety of people all over the world, right? Some, of course, can be cold and unfriendly. But everyone I met was really nice. You have to go to a country with an open mind. One thing I've learned, I think, is that sometimes we get an idea about a country or a group of people and then we start to think that everyone in that country is like that, and really, it's a stereotype—it isn't true. If you really get to know people ...

Page 70 READING READING exercise 3 MY PRISONER, MY FRIEND, MY PRESIDENT AND MY FATHER In 1978, Christo Brand joined the prison service. He was an 18-year-old white South African boy who had grown up on a farm. Now he was being sent to work as a warden in the famous prison on Robben Island. There, he was told, he was going to work with the biggest criminals in South African history, including political prisoners. Brand didn't know very much about politics/prisoners - he just knew that he was going to work with some dangerous people. And then he met prisoner 46664, a quiet 60-year-old black man who started to talk to Brand and ask him questions- questions about his family, his education, his plans for the future/prison. Prisoner 46664 was Nelson Mandela, who would one day become the first black president of South Africa. 'There was no fanguage I cofour barrier between us,' said Brand, who later worked as a guide showing tourists around Robben Island. 'Like me, Mandela came from a farm. We understood that we shared the same sky and the same air.' The two men got on well and became quite close, although this wasn't allowed by the prison authorities. They had to keep their friendship secret and their conversations had to be short/fasdnating. Brand found that Mandela was a warm and thoughtful person, even a little shy sometimes. Mandela was also a generous man and he never forgot his friend. When he became president, he got Brand a job. One day, at a meeting of important politicians, Brand was in the room and was putting documents on the table. When Mandela came in, he saw Brand, went to him and hugged him. Mandela looked at 5Brand I all the people in the room and said, 'This person was my warden. This person was my friend/teacher.' Brand says that he felt very proud at that moment. Nelson Mandela died in December 2013, aged 95. Like so many people around the world, Brand was very sad when he heard the news. He said at the time, 'Mandela was my prisoner, my friend, my president and my father.'

Page 72 DEVELOPING SPEAKING exercise 1&2 Well, I think you're being unfair. Just because he likes different music from you ... lt's not just that and you know it! Harry's boring and there's no way I want him there. Pack it in, you two. Please! I'm tired of this endless arguing. What is it now? Let me guess. lt's who you're going to invite. Got it in one, Mum. The thing is, we haven't got the same friends, so it's hard when we're having just one party! I'm with Jackie on this one, Mum. Can't we have two parties? How is that going to work? You're twins, so your birthdays are on the same day. And we live in one house. One house, one day, one party. You can invite thirty people - end of story. So, Luke, we've got to find a way to do this. Don't get me wrong, but I think you could be more ... well, flexible, you know? I know you don't like Harry, but can't you get along with him for one evening? Good point, Jackie. Well, I suppose you're right. And listen, I promise you can invite Mary Tanner and I won't complain. OK? That's more like it. A little bit of give-and-take. Thanks for helping us sort it, Mum. Don't mention it. Now, let's all go out and buy some decorations. Page 72 PRONUNCIATION exercise 1&2 Hi, Gina! I'm organising a hiking trip. Why don't you come along? Thank you. Max. I'd love to. When are you going? Next Saturday. We're going to climb Mount Sunrise. How about bringing some friends? That's a great idea! Oh ... I'm already going out on Saturday. What a shame. l'm sorry, Max. Page 72 PRONUNCIATION exercise 3 Hi, Gina! I'm organising a hiking trip. Why don't you come along? Thank you. Max. I'd love to. When are you going? Next Saturday. We're going to climb Mount Sunrise. How about bringing some friends? That's a great idea! Oh ... I'm already going out on Saturday. What a shame. l'm sorry, Max.