Unit 02 A Hard Life

Unit 2 Page 20 READING exercise 3 THEY MADE A DIFFERENCE THE SLAVE TRADE From the 16th to the 19th century, millions of people in Africa were taken from their homes and forced into lives of slavery. By the late 18th century many people had realised this was wrong and wanted to stop it. These people became known as 'abolitionists' and together they helped demolish one of the cruellest systems in the history of our world. Here are two of the men and women who made a huge difference. One day in November 1759, the British ship Arundel was sailing the West Indies when a slave ship approached it, begging for help. Many of the slaves on the ship had died of disease and the others were living in horrible conditions. One person from the Arundel went to help – a young doctor called James Ramsay. He was horrified by what he saw and he never forgot this experience. Soon after this, he went to work on the island of St Kitts in the Caribbean. There he enraged local businessmen as he helped the slaves who worked for them and treated them for injuries and disease. He also worked as a church minister and he insisted on opening his church up to slaves as well as the white people. When Ramsay returned to England, he wrote books about his experiences. The vivid details he included shocked many people. He was also a huge influence on William Wilberforce, the leader of the anti-slavery movement in the UK and a politician who worked tirelessly to smash the laws and eventually succeeded in doing just that. Mary Prince was born in Bermuda in 1788. As her mother and father were slaves she was a slave, too. She was sold a total of four times in her life. The first time with the rest of her family, but when she was 12, she was separated from them and went to work as a maid. She had been working at this job for a few months when she ran away to be with her mother, but she was soon captured and sent back. The third time she was sold to work in the salt ponds. The work was long and hard and the sun caused blisters on her body. She was also treated cruelly by her owners, who often struck her for the smallest of things. When she was 40, new owners took her to England. Slavery was illegal in the UK, so she was free to go and work with the abolitionists. In 1831, the Anti-Slavery Society published a book about her life story called The History of Mary Prince. Lots of people read the book and it helped many change their minds about slavery.

第二单元 第20页 阅读练习3 他们有所作为 奴隶贸易 从16世纪到19世纪， 非洲数百万人被赶出家园，被迫过着奴隶般的生活。 到18世纪末，许多人已经意识到这是错误的，并想阻止它。 这些人被称为“废奴主义者” 他们一起帮助摧毁了我们世界历史上最残酷的制度之一。 以下是两位产生巨大影响的男女。 1759年11月的一天， 英国船只阿伦德尔号在西印度群岛航行时，一艘奴隶船靠近它，乞求帮助。 船上的许多奴隶都死于疾病，其他人则生活在可怕的条件下。 阿伦德尔的一个人去帮忙了——一位名叫詹姆斯·拉姆齐的年轻医生。 他被眼前的景象吓坏了，他永远不会忘记这段经历。 不久之后，他去了加勒比海的圣基茨岛工作。 在那里，他帮助为他们工作的奴隶，激怒了当地的商人 并治疗他们的伤病。 他还担任过教堂牧师 他坚持要向奴隶和白人开放他的教堂。 当拉姆齐回到英国时，他写了一些关于自己经历的书。 他所包含的生动细节震惊了许多人。 他对英国反奴隶制运动的领袖威廉·威尔伯福斯也产生了巨大的影响 以及一位不知疲倦地破坏法律并最终成功做到这一点的政治家。 1788年，玛丽·普林斯出生于百慕大。 因为她的父母都是奴隶，所以她也是奴隶。 她一生中总共被卖了四次。 第一次和家人在一起， 但当她12岁时，她与他们分开，去当女佣了。 她已经在这份工作上工作了几个月，然后离家去和妈妈在一起， 但她很快就被抓了回来。 第三次她被卖到盐池工作。 这项工作又长又辛苦，阳光使她身上起了水泡。 她也受到了主人的残酷对待，他们经常因为最小的东西而打她。 当她40岁时，新主人把她带到了英国。 奴隶制在英国是非法的，所以她可以自由地与废奴主义者合作。 1831年，反奴隶制协会出版了一本名为《玛丽王子的历史》的书，讲述了她的生平故事。 很多人读了这本书，它帮助许多人改变了对奴隶制的看法。

Page 22 PRONUNCIATION exercise 1 Strong winds spread the sparks through the streets. Stella's got straight hair and stripes on her skirt. Stewart sprayed his phone with a special screen cleaner. Page 22 PRONUNCIATION exercise 3 Strong winds spread the sparks through the streets. Stella's got straight hair and stripes on her skirt. Stewart sprayed his phone with a special screen cleaner. Page 23 LISTENING exercise 7 and 8 They once ruled the skies of the Eastern United States. People reported huge flocks of up to a billion, making the sky above darker for hours as they flew by. In the mid-1800s, the passenger pigeon was perhaps the most numerous bird in the world. Little more than 50 years later, just one remained, a female named Martha, who died all alone in 1914 at the Cincinnati Zoo. To tell us more about the tragic story of the passenger pigeon we are joined by bird expert Chris Oddie. Thank you, Sarah. So what happened to the passenger pigeon? How could a species go from being so numerous to none in around half a century? Well, what happened to the passenger pigeons was, in a word – us. Humans had always hunted these birds, but in the 19th century the number of killings exploded. They were also the victim of advances in technology. Firstly the telegraph, which allowed people to get messages across the country quickly, allowed people to report where the pigeons were and secondly, the new railway system allowed hunters to get to these places easily and start killing the birds. But why did they want to do that? Well, passenger pigeons were big business. The dead birds were sent all over the US by train and sold to restaurants or in markets. Did no one try to stop this? There was some concern and it led to the US government making one of its first environmental laws to protect animal species. It actually became law in 1900 – the last year a passenger pigeon was seen in the wild. So it was too late for the passenger pigeon. Yes, sadly. So is there anything we can learn from this story? Well, if there is anything good to have come out of this, it is that the passenger pigeon has become a symbol of the damage humans are capable of doing. I hope it would be impossible for such a disastrous event to ever happen again. Though sadly we do still see species that are threatened with extinction because of human activity. We need to remember, this Earth doesn't just belong to us and we share it with billions of other life forms. It is our responsibility to make sure we protect others.

第22页 拨款练习1 强风在街道上撒下火花。 斯特拉留着直发，裙子上有条纹。 斯图尔特在手机上喷了一种特殊的屏幕清洁剂。 第22页 拨款练习3 强风在街道上撒下火花。 斯特拉留着直发，裙子上有条纹。 斯图尔特在手机上喷了一种特殊的屏幕清洁剂。 第23页 听力练习7和8 他们曾经统治过美国东部的天空。 人们报告说，有多达10亿的大群人，当他们飞过时，天空会持续数小时变暗。 在19世纪中叶，旅鸽可能是世界上数量最多的鸟类。 50多年后，只剩下一只， 1914年，一只名叫玛莎的雌性动物在辛辛那提动物园独自死亡。 为了告诉我们更多关于旅鸽的悲惨故事，我们邀请了鸟类专家克里斯·奥迪。 谢谢你，莎拉。 那旅鸽怎么了？ 一个物种怎么能在半个世纪左右从如此众多变为一个物种呢？ 总之，旅鸽的下场就是我们。 人类一直在猎杀这些鸟类，但在19世纪，杀戮的数量激增。 他们也是技术进步的受害者。 首先是电报，它使人们能够快速地在全国各地收到信息， 允许人们报告鸽子的位置，其次， 新的铁路系统使猎人能够轻松到达这些地方并开始捕杀鸟类。 但他们为什么要这样做呢？ 嗯，旅鸽是大生意。 这些死鸟被火车运往美国各地，卖给餐馆或市场。 没有人试图阻止这件事吗？ 有一些担忧，这导致了美国政府 制定了首批保护动物物种的环境法之一。 它实际上在1900年成为法律——去年在野外看到了一只旅鸽。 所以对旅鸽来说已经太晚了。 是的，很遗憾。 那么，我们能从这个故事中学到什么吗？ 好吧，如果这件事有什么好结果的话， 旅鸽已经成为人类能够造成的伤害的象征。 我希望这样的灾难性事件不可能再发生了。 尽管遗憾的是，我们仍然看到由于人类活动而濒临灭绝的物种。 我们需要记住，这个地球不仅仅属于我们 我们与数十亿其他生命形式共享它。 我们有责任确保保护他人。

Page 24 READING exercise 2 and 3 A short history of bathing in the UK These days most people in the UK have access to hot water by simply turning on a tap. People know how important it is to keep clean and take baths and showers daily. But of course, it wasn't always so easy. In medieval times most people knew that washing your body with water was a good thing to do and there were instruction books that explained the importance of keeping your body clean. Some, though, offered rather strange advice, such as to avoid taking a bath in the summer or not to take long baths because they would make you fat. In the palaces and houses of the rich, people enjoyed bathing in a wooden bathtub that servants filled with hot water. They would often add perfumes and flower petals to make the water smell nice. Having your own private bath was a sign of importance and King John, for example, used to take his bathtub with him whenever he travelled. Most people had no bath of their own, but they might visit one of the many public baths that started to appear in most cities by then. These were often beside bakeries, and the heat from baking the bread was used to warm up the water. People with no access to public baths would wash using only cold water and a cloth. When the weather was warm enough, they would jump in the nearest river for a wash. By the early 1800s there were serious concerns about the dreadful conditions in crowded cities and people started to recognise the importance of hygiene. Some now bought metal bathtubs for their homes, although for most people there was no bathroom and the water still had to be carried in from outside and heated up. Many people still didn't use to have baths in their homes, but some could afford to make a weekly visit to the new public baths that opened in the 19 century. At the same time, bathing in the sea became popular as people looked to saltwater to help cure skin problems. Bathing habits changed for good in the late 19th century when pipes could carry water directly into homes. Bathing became a lot easier and people started taking many more baths. However, many homes in the UK, especially those in rural areas, had to wait until as late as the 1960s before they had running water directly connected to them.

第24页 阅读练习2和3 英国沐浴简史 如今，英国大多数人只需打开水龙头即可获得热水。 人们知道保持清洁和每天洗澡和淋浴有多重要。 当然，这并不总是那么容易。 在中世纪，大多数人都知道用水清洗身体是一件好事 还有一些说明书解释了保持身体清洁的重要性。 不过，有些人提出了相当奇怪的建议， 例如避免在夏天洗澡 或者不要长时间洗澡，因为这会让你变胖。 在富人的宫殿和房子里， 人们喜欢在仆人装满热水的木制浴缸里洗澡。 他们经常添加香水和花瓣，让水闻起来很香。 拥有自己的私人浴室是重要的标志 例如，约翰国王过去每次旅行都会带上浴缸。 大多数人没有自己的浴室， 但到那时，他们可能会去参观大多数城市开始出现的许多公共浴池之一。 这些通常在面包店旁边，烤面包的热量被用来加热水。 无法使用公共浴室的人只能用冷水和布洗澡。 当天气足够暖和时，他们会跳进最近的河里洗澡。 到19世纪初，人们对拥挤城市的恶劣条件表示严重担忧 人们开始认识到卫生的重要性。 一些人现在为家里买了金属浴缸， 虽然对大多数人来说没有浴室 水仍然需要从外面运进来加热。 许多人过去仍然不在家里洗澡， 但有些人可以负担得起每周参观19世纪开放的新公共浴池。 与此同时，随着人们寻求盐水来帮助治疗皮肤问题，在海里洗澡变得流行起来。 19世纪末，当管道可以将水直接输送到家中时，沐浴习惯发生了永久性的变化。 洗澡变得容易多了，人们开始洗更多的澡。 然而，英国的许多家庭，尤其是农村地区的家庭， 直到20世纪60年代，他们才有了直接连接的自来水。

Page 26 Culture exercise 2 CREATIVE CLIMATE SOLUTIONS Climate change is the biggest threat to our planet. As temperatures increase, the ice caps and glaciers around the world are starting to melt, meaning sea levels will get higher. We are already seeing the results of climate change with an increase in extreme weather events such as hurricanes and wildfires and serious shortages of water. All over the world there are people living in difficult conditions. But difficult conditions often inspire creative solutions. Every year the Philippines are hit by huge tropical typhoons. These violent storms often kill hundreds of people and cause billions of dollars in damage to the islands. In an attempt to fight back, one company has come up with a house that is designed to stand up to the strongest of winds. The houses are built in a dome shape and the curved surfaces are much better at surviving in storms than traditional flat roofs and walls. They are also better at surviving earthquakes. Wildfires often cause massive destruction in many places around the world, destroying land, homes and lives. In 2015 bush fires burned down vegetation in a large area of South Australia leaving nothing but bare earth. This made the land difficult to farm as strong winds blew the soil away. A farmer called Brian Fischer had a brilliant idea to stop the problem. With the help of his sons he ploughed the fields in spirals. This means that it doesn't matter which way the wind blows because it can never blow away the soil. One man who wanted to tackle global warming directly was inventor Eduardo Gold. He used the idea that light colours reflect the sunlight to try to stop mountains in the South American Andes from heating up and losing their glaciers. His plan was simple; with the help of a few friends he started painting the mountains white in the hope it would keep their surfaces cooler. Although his idea was included in the World Bank's '100 ideas to save the planet' in 2009, Gold died in 2014 and his work had limited success. A lack of water is one of the most serious problems we can face. In the Himalayan Desert water is very difficult to find during the spring months. To help solve this problem, the Ice Stupa project has come up with a very clever solution. In winter, a pipe takes water from higher up in the mountains down to the desert, where it rushes out as a fountain. Because it is so cold in the desert, the water freezes and makes frozen towers of ice. In the spring the ice melts giving the farmers the water they need for their land.

第26页 文化练习2 创造性气候解决方案 气候变化是我们星球面临的最大威胁。 随着气温的升高，世界各地的冰盖和冰川 正在开始融化，这意味着海平面将会上升。 我们已经看到了气候变化的结果 随着飓风和野火等极端天气事件的增加以及水资源的严重短缺。 世界各地都有生活在困难条件下的人。 但困难的条件往往能激发创造性的解决方案。 菲律宾每年都会遭受巨大的热带台风袭击。 这些猛烈的风暴经常造成数百人死亡，并给岛屿造成数十亿美元的损失。 为了反击，一家公司想出了一套房子 它的设计是为了抵御最强的风。 这些房子是圆顶形的 而且曲面比传统的平屋顶和墙壁更能在风暴中生存。 他们也更擅长在地震中幸存下来。 野火经常在世界各地的许多地方造成大规模破坏，摧毁土地、房屋和生命。 2015年，丛林大火烧毁了南澳大利亚大片地区的植被，只留下光秃秃的土地。 这使得这片土地很难耕种，因为强风把土壤吹走了。 一位名叫布莱恩·费舍尔的农民想出了一个绝妙的主意来解决这个问题。 在儿子们的帮助下，他螺旋式地犁地。 这意味着风往哪个方向吹并不重要，因为它永远不会吹走土壤。 一位想直接解决全球变暖问题的人是发明家爱德华多·戈尔德。 他使用了浅色反射阳光的想法 试图阻止南美安第斯山脉的山脉升温并失去冰川。 他的计划很简单； 在几个朋友的帮助下，他开始把山漆成白色 希望这能让它们的表面更凉爽。 尽管他的想法在2009年被列入世界银行的“拯救地球的100个想法”， 戈尔德于2014年去世，他的工作取得了有限的成功。 缺水是我们面临的最严重的问题之一。 在喜马拉雅沙漠，春季很难找到水。 为了帮助解决这个问题，冰塔项目提出了一个非常聪明的解决方案。 冬天，一根管子把水从山上的高处输送到沙漠， 在那里，它像喷泉一样喷涌而出。 因为沙漠里很冷，水会结冰，形成冰塔。 春天，冰融化，为农民提供了土地所需的水。

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