Unit 12 Rules and Regulations

Unit 12 Page 110 READING exercise 6 HARD TIMES TO BE A KID 'I'm not allowed to stay out late.' 'Why do I have to do my homework before I can watch TV?' 'My parents never let me go to parties.' 'Why is it just Mum and Dad who make the rules? Life's just not fair.' Do these complaints sound familiar? Well, if you think your life is hard, you might like to think about kids in ancient times. For some of them, life was really hard. If you were born in Ancient Greece, you weren't even thought to be a real person until you'd been alive for five days. That's right – for five days after you were born, your parents were allowed to get rid of you. If they decided they didn't want you, they'd just leave you outside somewhere to die. Of course, you might get lucky and someone else might pick you up, but then you'd spend the rest of your life as their slave. However, if your parents decided that they wanted you as part of the family, then there was a special ceremony to welcome you. Only the boys were allowed to go to school. Greek girls stayed at home, where their mothers taught them skills like cooking and weaving – things that would help them find a husband. At the age of seven, some boys were sent away to very strict military schools, where they were taught how to become soldiers. Life was pretty hard at these schools. For example, the kids were often hungry. The teachers didn't let them have much food – for a reason. They wanted the boys to learn how to survive for themselves by stealing food. But if they got caught, they were punished. Aztec children in Mesoamerica also had a difficult life in ancient times. If they broke any rules, they could expect some pretty nasty punishments. On the plus side, Aztecs really believed in the importance of schooling. In the home, children learned practical skills: fathers taught their sons how to fish and farm while mothers taught their daughters home-making skills. Girls and boys also went to school (although the adults didn't let them go to the same schools). Kids went to schools called telpochcalli. They had lessons about history, religion and music. The boys also had lessons in how to fight. If the children were from a more important family, they went to a calmecac, where they learned how to read and write, too, At both schools children had to be on their best behaviour. They knew all about the punishments for behaving badly, and life was hard enough anyway.

第十二单元 第110页 阅读练习6 童年的艰难时期 “我不允许在外面呆到很晚。” “为什么我必须先做作业才能看电视？” “我父母从不让我去参加聚会。” 为什么只有爸爸妈妈制定规则？生活就是不公平。” 这些抱怨听起来熟悉吗？ 好吧，如果你认为你的生活很艰难，你可能想想想古代的孩子。 对他们中的一些人来说，生活真的很艰难。 如果你出生在古希腊， 直到你活了五天，人们才认为你是一个真正的人。 没错——在你出生后的五天里，你的父母被允许抛弃你。 如果他们决定不想要你，他们只会把你留在外面某个地方等死。 当然，你可能会很幸运，别人可能会来接你， 但那样的话，你余生都会成为他们的奴隶。 然而，如果你的父母决定要你成为家庭的一员， 然后举行了一个特别的仪式来欢迎你。 只有男孩被允许上学。 希腊女孩呆在家里，在那里她们的母亲教她们烹饪和编织等技能—— 帮助他们找到丈夫的东西。 七岁时，一些男孩被送到非常严格的军校， 在那里，他们被教导如何成为士兵。 这些学校的生活很艰难。 例如，孩子们经常感到饥饿。 老师们不让他们吃太多食物——这是有原因的。 他们希望男孩们学会如何通过偷食物来为自己生存。 但如果他们被抓住，他们就会受到惩罚。 中美洲的阿兹特克儿童在古代也过着艰难的生活。 如果他们违反了任何规则，他们可能会受到一些相当严厉的惩罚。 从好的方面来说，阿兹特克人真的相信学校教育的重要性。 在家里，孩子们学习了实用技能： 父亲教儿子如何捕鱼和耕种，母亲教女儿做家务。 女孩和男孩也上学（尽管成年人不让他们上同一所学校）。 孩子们去了名为telpochcalli的学校。 他们上了历史、宗教和音乐课。 男孩们还学习了如何打架。 如果孩子们来自一个更重要的家庭， 他们去了一个平静的地方，在那里他们也学会了读写， 在这两所学校，孩子们都必须表现得最好。 他们知道行为不端的惩罚，不管怎样，生活已经够艰难的了。

Page 113 LISTENING exercise 10 and 11 I want to talk to you today about my favourite game – chess. It's a game which was invented around 1,500 years ago in India. My father taught me to play when I was a little girl and I have loved it ever since. So, how do you play it? Well, chess is a strategy game for two people. It is played on a square board with 64 squares – half of them black and half white. Each person has 16 pieces to play with. They each have eight pawns, a king, a queen, two rooks, two knights and two bishops. The aim of the game is to take the other player's pieces and to take the king. So first of all, let's talk about the most important rules for chess: The pawn is the weakest piece. It can move forward two squares on its first move. After that, it is only allowed to move forward one square at a time. It can only take a piece one square diagonally in front of it. The rook, the one that looks like a castle, can move forwards, backwards and sideways, as many squares as you like. The bishop can move as far as you like, too, but it can only move diagonally. The knight moves in a different way. It can move two squares in one direction and one square in another direction, in an L shape. It is the only piece that can move over another piece. The queen is the most powerful piece. She can move in lots of different ways. She can move forwards, backwards, sideways and diagonally, and she is allowed to move as many squares as she likes. And finally, the king. He is the most important piece but he can't move very far. He can only move one square, in any direction. When a king is attacked, it is called check. When he can't escape, it's called checkmate and that ends the game. Before you start, you have to decide who is black and who is white. The player with the black pieces lets the player with the white pieces move first. There are some other rules to make the game more interesting. This is my favourite one. If a pawn reaches the other side of the board, you can make it into a queen, a rook, a knight or a bishop. Of course, it is best to make it a queen. So who is the winner? Well, the winner is the first player to take the other player's king and says 'checkmate'. Some games can last for hours and some games can be over very quickly. It depends how good the players are. If you want to be a better player, you have to play a lot of games.

第113页 听力练习10和11 今天我想和你谈谈我最喜欢的游戏——国际象棋。 这是一种大约1500年前在印度发明的游戏。 我小时候爸爸教我玩，从那以后我就喜欢上了。 那么，你是怎么玩的？ 嗯，国际象棋是两个人的策略游戏。 它是在一个有64个方块的正方形棋盘上玩的，其中一半是黑色的，一半是白色的。 每个人有16个棋子可以玩。 他们每人有八个棋子，一个国王，一个王后，两个乌鸦，两个骑士和两个主教。 游戏的目的是夺取其他玩家的棋子，并夺取国王。 首先，让我们来谈谈国际象棋最重要的规则：棋子是最弱的棋子。 它可以在第一次移动时向前移动两个方块。 之后，每次只允许向前移动一个方格。 它只能在它前面对角线上取一块。 那只看起来像城堡的乌鸦， 可以向前、向后和侧向移动任意数量的方块。 主教也可以随意移动，但只能对角线移动。 骑士以不同的方式移动。 它可以在一个方向上移动两个正方形，在另一个方向移动一个正方形，呈L形。 这是唯一可以在另一块上移动的块。 女王是最强大的棋子。 她可以以多种不同的方式移动。 她可以向前、向后、侧向和对角线移动， 她可以随意移动任意数量的方块。 最后，国王。 他是最重要的球员，但他不能走得太远。 他只能向任何方向移动一个方块。 当一个国王受到攻击时，它被称为检查。 当他无法逃脱时，这被称为checkmate，游戏就此结束。 在开始之前，你必须决定谁是黑人，谁是白人。 持有黑色棋子的玩家让持有白色棋子的玩家先移动。 还有其他一些规则可以让游戏更有趣。 这是我最喜欢的一个。 如果棋子到达棋盘的另一边， 你可以把它变成女王、乌鸦、骑士或主教。 当然，最好让它成为女王。 那么，谁是赢家呢？ 好吧，获胜者是第一个拿下另一个玩家的国王并说“对弈”的玩家。 有些游戏可以持续几个小时，有些游戏可以很快结束。 这取决于球员们有多好。 如果你想成为一名更好的球员，你必须玩很多游戏。

Page 114 READING exercise 1 Small is beautiful. So every week we invite our readers to send us their (very) short stories. Each story must be exactly 50 words, not a word more, not a word less – just like this introduction. (Words like 'didn't' count as one word.) And then we publish all our favourites! Here are the best from last week's topic: Changing the Rules 'Want to play in the school football team?' the sign said. 'Come along at four o'clock!' So I went. 'But you're a girl!' a boy said. 'Girls can't play in the school team!' 'There's no rule,' I said. And I played. Now there's a rule – everyone can play in the school team. It was the last biscuit. Both of us wanted it. 'Let's toss a coin,' my brother said. 'Heads I win, tails you lose.' He tossed the coin. 'Tails – you lose' and he ate the last biscuit. If I had listened to his rules more carefully, maybe the biscuit would have been mine. I hate cabbage. When I was a small boy, my father made me eat it at lunch. 'The rule is: eat everything on your plate,' he said. I ate it and then I was sick. When I'm a father, my rule will be: 'If you don't like it, you can leave it.' 'They're my rules,' Kevin said. 'If you don't like them, find someone else to play with.' When he went to bed later that evening, Kevin felt sad. Playing ball on his own hadn't been much fun. If his rules hadn't been so unpopular, he wouldn't have spent the afternoon on his own. In 1823, William Webb Ellis was playing football in his PE lesson. He picked up the ball and ran towards the goal. Everyone was shocked. 'You can't do that!' they shouted. 'I can,' he said as he put the ball in the goal. 'I've invented a new game. It's called rugby.' Page 115 PRONUNCIATION exercise 1 Shh! Listen! Someone's talking in the next room. Yes, and at this hour the castle should be empty. We should investigate. Or, erm, should we write a report? I can't answer that. All I know is that we mustn't stay here another minute! Page 115 PRONUNCIATION exercise 3 Shh! Listen! Someone's talking in the next room. Yes, and at this hour the castle should be empty. We should investigate. Or, erm, should we write a report? I can't answer that. All I know is that we mustn't stay here another minute!

第114页 阅读练习1 小就是美。 因此，我们每周都会邀请读者向我们发送他们的（非常）短篇小说。 每个故事必须精确到50个单词，不能多，不能少——就像这个介绍一样。 （像“没有”这样的词算作一个词。） 然后我们发布所有我们最喜欢的！ 以下是上周主题中最好的一个：改变规则 “想参加学校足球队吗？牌子上写着。 “四点钟来吧！“所以我去了。 但你是个女孩！一个男孩说。 “女生不能参加校队！” “没有规则，”我说。我玩了。 现在有一条规则——每个人都可以参加校队比赛。 这是最后一块饼干。我们俩都想要它。 “我们掷硬币吧，”我哥哥说。 “头我赢，尾你输。” 他扔硬币。 “尾巴——你输了”，他吃了最后一块饼干。 如果我能更仔细地听他的规则，也许饼干就是我的了。 我讨厌卷心菜。 当我还是个小男孩的时候，我父亲让我在午餐时吃它。 他说，规则是：把盘子里的东西都吃光。 我吃了它，然后就生病了。 当我成为父亲时，我的规则是：“如果你不喜欢它，你可以离开它。” “这是我的规则，”凯文说。“如果你不喜欢他们，就找别人一起玩。” 那天晚上晚些时候上床睡觉时，凯文感到很难过。 独自打球并不好玩。 如果他的规则不是那么不受欢迎，他就不会一个人度过下午了。 1823年，威廉·韦布·埃利斯在体育课上踢足球。 他捡起球，朝球门跑去。 所有人都震惊了。 你不能那样做！他们喊道。 “我能，”他一边把球投进球门一边说。 “我发明了一种新游戏。这叫做橄榄球。” 第115页 拨款练习1 嘘！听！隔壁房间有人在说话。 是的，这个时候城堡应该是空的。 我们应该调查一下。或者，呃，我们应该写一份报告吗？ 我无法回答这个问题。我只知道我们不能再在这里呆一分钟了！ 第115页 拨款练习3 嘘！听！隔壁房间有人在说话。 是的，这个时候城堡应该是空的。 我们应该调查一下。或者，呃，我们应该写一份报告吗？ 我无法回答这个问题。我只知道我们不能再在这里呆一分钟了！

Page 116 Culture exercise 2 STRANGE laws from around the world Laws are important – they help us to live together in a friendly, happy and peaceful way. However, there are a number of laws from various countries around the world that seem really strange. Many of them are rather old, but have never been changed. We've selected some of the strangest for you here. 1 It is against the law to jump the queue in the ticket hall in the underground metro system in ____. A NewYork, US B Paris, France C London, UK 2 If you climb a tree in ____, you are breaking the law. A Beijing, China B Oshawa, Canada C Tokyo, Japan 3 You can't take a pet lion to the cinema in ____ – if you have one! A Amsterdam, the Netherlands B Baltimore, US C Madrid, Spain 4 If you don't walk your dog at least three times a day in_____ , you will get a fine. A Turin, Italy B Berlin, Germany C Geneva, Switzerland 5 If you tie an elephant to a parking meter in ____, you have to pay a parking fee. A Amsterdam, the Netherlands B Madrid, Spain C Florida, US 6 If you go to the toilet at night in _____, you must remember that it is illegal to flush the toilet after 10 pm. A Thailand B The Netherlands C Switzerland 7 If you are a taxi driver in ______ , and you play the radio while driving a customer, you have to pay royalties to the musicians you listen to during the journey. A Italy B Greece C Finland 8 If you own a donkey in _____, you must not keep it in the bathtub. A Georgia, US B Istanbul, Turkey C London, UK

第116页 文化练习2 来自世界各地的奇怪法律 法律很重要——它们帮助我们以友好、幸福、和平的方式生活在一起。 然而，世界各国的一些法律似乎真的很奇怪。 他们中的许多人都很老了，但从未改变过。 我们在这里为你挑选了一些最奇怪的。 1、在地铁售票处插队是违法的。 A纽约，美国 B法国巴黎 C英国伦敦 2如果你在____爬树，你就是违法的。 A中国北京 B奥沙瓦，加拿大 C日本东京 3如果你有宠物狮子，你就不能带它去电影院！ A阿姆斯特丹，荷兰 B巴尔的摩，美国 C马德里，西班牙 4如果你在_____每天不至少遛狗三次，你会被罚款的。 A都灵，意大利 B德国柏林 C瑞士日内瓦 5如果你在____把大象绑在停车计时器上，你必须支付停车费。 A阿姆斯特丹，荷兰 B西班牙马德里 C佛罗里达州，美国 6如果你晚上在_____上厕所， 你必须记住，晚上10点以后冲厕所是违法的。 A泰国 B荷兰 C瑞士 7如果你是______的出租车司机，在开车送顾客时播放收音机， 你必须向旅途中听的音乐家支付版税。 A意大利 B希腊 C芬兰 8如果你在_____有一头驴，你不能把它放在浴缸里。 美国佐治亚州 B伊斯坦布尔，土耳其 C英国伦敦

Page 118 B1 Preliminary for Schools LISTENING Part 4 exercise 2 You will hear a girl called Lucy talking on a TV programme about a competition she won. For each question, choose the correct answer. Now, if you were watching the news yesterday evening, you probably noticed a new face in our team. 12-year-old Lucy Harmon won a competition to read the weather forecast for the day. She now joins us to tell us all about the experience. . Lucy, welcome. Thank you. First of all, tell us, what did you have to do to enter the competition? Um, I had to write a short letter to the producers saying why I wanted to read the weather on TV, and then I had to make a short video of me reading a news story. Then I uploaded it and about two months later I got a phone call saying I had won, and they wanted me to go to the studio the next Friday. I couldn't believe it. So what happened on the big day? Well, I got to the studio at about three o'clock. I met the producer and all the news team. They were really nice. Then I practised reading the weather a few times, for quite a while, just to get used to the cameras. The producer gave me some advice, and then suddenly it was time to go live on air. At four o'clock? No, it was actually at five. And I was happy for the extra time to practise! Someone else did the four o'clock news and weather. It was good to watch them as it helped me to prepare more. And how did you feel? It was such a good experience, and I was too excited to be worried. It was so much fun. I just loved it. No nerves at all. So, what kind of forecast did you have to do? Well, it had nearly everything: sun, rain, clouds, strong winds. Everything that makes British weather so interesting. The only thing it didn't have was snow, but then I suppose it's not that time of year. But you wouldn't believe it if you looked out of the window. No. So what did you think of the day? Do you want to be a weather forecaster now? It was great. I've always wanted to be a teacher, since I was a little girl, but I think that's changed now. I'm not sure I want to forecast the weather, but I would like to be some kind of TV presenter. Well, Lucy, I think there's every chance of that. Your performance yesterday was wonderful. Thank you.

第118页 B1学校预备 听第4部分练习2 你会听到一个叫露西的女孩在电视节目中谈论她赢得的一场比赛。 对于每个问题，选择正确的答案。 现在，如果你昨晚看新闻，你可能会注意到我们团队中有一张新面孔。 12岁的露西·哈蒙在阅读当天天气预报的比赛中获胜。 她现在和我们一起告诉我们这段经历。 . 露西，欢迎。非常感谢。 首先，告诉我们，你必须做什么才能参加比赛？ 嗯，我得给制片人写一封短信 说我为什么想在电视上看天气， 然后我不得不制作一段我阅读新闻故事的短视频。 然后我上传了它，大约两个月后，我接到一个电话，说我赢了， 他们想让我下周五去工作室。我简直不敢相信。 那么，在那个重要的日子里发生了什么？ 嗯，我大约三点钟到达工作室。 我见到了制片人和所有的新闻团队。他们真的很好。 然后我练习了几次看天气，持续了相当长的一段时间，只是为了适应相机。 制片人给了我一些建议，然后突然间，是时候直播了。 四点钟？ 不，实际上是五点钟。 我很高兴有额外的时间练习！ 其他人做了四点钟的新闻和天气预报。 很高兴看到他们，因为这有助于我做更多的准备。 你感觉如何？ 这是一次很好的经历，我太兴奋了，没有担心。 这太有趣了。我只是喜欢它。一点也不紧张。 那么，你做了什么样的预测？ 嗯，它几乎什么都有：太阳、雨、云、强风。 所有让英国天气如此有趣的东西。 唯一没有的是雪，但我想现在不是一年中的这个时候。 但如果你往窗外看，你肯定不会相信。 号码 你觉得今天怎么样？你现在想当天气预报员吗？ 太棒了。 我从小就想当老师，但我认为现在已经改变了。 我不确定我是否想预报天气，但我想当某种电视节目主持人。 嗯，露西，我认为这是完全有可能的。 你昨天的表现太棒了。非常感谢。