Level 5 Reading 3B

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GOALKEEPERS FOR THE PLANET In 2015 at the United Nations, world leaders adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals aimed at reducing poverty, inequality, and other global problems by 2030. Such objectives have long been championed by philanthropists Bill and Melinda Gates. In 2017, the Gates Foundation launched Goalkeepers, an initiative to spur action and track progress toward the UN goals. Its 2018 status report says there have been "mind-blowing improvements in the human condition." The report also calls for more investment and innovation to ensure this progress continues. Susan Goldberg, editor-in-chief of National Geographic Magazine, met with Bill and Melinda Gates for a joint interview on the report, which was released to the public on September 18, 2018. I've just read the Goalkeepers report. Why did you decide to start doing this? Because we think that the news isn't really out there— the news that the world has made this incredible progress, this increase in lives saved, the reduction in poverty. The UN set these amazing goals for the future to help us continue to reduce poverty, and we want to make sure that we hold people accountable for that progress and really inspire the next generation of leaders who are going to take these tasks on. What are you seeing in different countries? Who's doing a great job? Even a very poor country can do a good job on health, can do a good job on agriculture, on education, and that provides a lot of hope because you can copy what's being done there. Rwanda has been a big outlier in the quality of health services. Ethiopia, on agriculture, is growing over 5 percent a year. In education, Vietnam is one we talk about because they're so far ahead of where you'd expect given their wealth. But it's when you get those three things together—health, education, agriculture— that eventually these countries can become self-sufficient. One of the things that's also encouraging: Rwanda is a very small country [in population], Ethiopia is the second largest on the continent of Africa— but they have learned the lessons of what has helped people make progress from around the world. So they're looking at what happened in Asia in agriculture, how did Brazil decrease the stunting rate [among malnourished children] so phenomenally across a very large country with lots of poverty. When you think about learning from one another, I was struck by the example from Vietnam, where you've got 15-year-olds who are doing as well on international tests in school as people from the United Kingdom or from the United States. What are the lessons from Vietnam that can translate across other countries? It's a really new thing to try and get into the amount of learning. The agenda for poor countries up until now has largely been to get the kids into school— and attendance rates have gone up a lot, for girls and boys. The biggest missing piece still is how much knowledge they're gaining. A few countries, by training the teachers the right way and bringing the right material into the classroom, have really achieved learning way beyond what you might expect. When you look back at the UN goals that were initially set in 2000, one of the goals was to get kids into school, and that has essentially been achieved, particularly at the primary level and quite a bit at the secondary level. So it's neat to see a goal achieved, but now with this next set of goals, it's about how to get the depth of learning and the education right. Thinking about Africa: How young it is, how many young people there are, is both a huge challenge and a great opportunity. Can you talk a little bit about that? The African continent today is about a billion people out of the seven billion on Earth, and as this century goes forward, over half the young people in the entire world will be there. With those people moving into the job market, if the right investments are made—stability, education, health— Africa will have growth and innovation, far more than lots of other places. If, on the other hand, we don't take care of the HIV crisis, then you'll just have more people who will get

地球守门员 2015年，世界各国领导人在联合国通过了17项可持续发展目标 旨在到2030年减少贫困、不平等和其他全球问题。 慈善家比尔和梅琳达·盖茨长期以来一直支持这些目标。 2017年，盖茨基金会推出了守门员， 推动行动和跟踪联合国目标进展的倡议。 其2018年的状态报告称，“人类状况得到了令人震惊的改善。” 报告还呼吁增加投资和创新，以确保这一进展继续下去。 苏珊·戈德伯格，《国家地理杂志》主编， 与比尔和梅琳达·盖茨就这份报告进行了联合采访， 该视频于2018年9月18日向公众发布。 我刚刚读了守门员的报告。 你为什么决定开始做这件事？ 因为我们认为新闻并没有真正传出-- 世界取得了令人难以置信的进步的消息， 这增加了挽救的生命，减少了贫困。 联合国为未来设定了这些惊人的目标，以帮助我们继续减少贫困， 我们希望确保人们对这一进展负责 并真正激励下一代将承担这些任务的领导者。 你在不同的国家看到了什么？ 谁做得很好？ 即使是一个非常贫穷的国家也能在健康方面做得很好， 可以在农业和教育方面做得很好，这带来了很大的希望 因为你可以复制那里正在做的事情。 卢旺达在医疗服务质量方面一直是个大异类。 埃塞俄比亚的农业年增长率超过5%。 在教育方面，我们谈论的是越南 因为考虑到他们的财富，他们远远领先于你的预期。 但只有当你把这三件事结合在一起时——健康、教育、农业-- 这些国家最终能够自给自足。 其中一件事也令人鼓舞： 卢旺达是一个[人口]非常小的国家， 埃塞俄比亚是非洲大陆第二大-- 但他们已经吸取了帮助世界各地人们取得进步的教训。 所以他们正在研究亚洲在农业方面发生了什么， 巴西是如何降低（营养不良儿童）发育迟缓率的 在一个幅员辽阔、贫困人口众多的国家，这是一种现象。 当你考虑互相学习时， 越南的例子让我印象深刻， 那里有15岁的孩子，他们在学校的国际考试中表现也很好 来自英国或美国的人。 越南的经验教训有哪些可以在其他国家推广？ 尝试投入大量的学习是一件非常新的事情。 到目前为止，贫穷国家的议程主要是让孩子们上学-- 女孩和男孩的出勤率都大幅上升。 最大的缺失仍然是他们获得了多少知识。 一些国家通过正确的方式培训教师 并将合适的材料带入课堂， 确实取得了超出你预期的学习成果。 当你回顾2000年最初设定的联合国目标时， 其中一个目标是让孩子们上学，这基本上已经实现了， 特别是在小学阶段，中学阶段也有很多。 所以看到一个目标实现是很好的，但现在有了下一组目标， 这是关于如何获得学习的深度和正确的教育。 思考非洲：它有多年轻，有多少年轻人， 这既是巨大的挑战，也是巨大的机遇。 你能谈谈吗？ 在地球上70亿人口中，今天的非洲大陆大约有10亿人， 随着本世纪的发展， 全世界一半以上的年轻人都会去那里。 随着这些人进入就业市场， 如果做出了正确的投资——稳定、教育、健康-- 非洲将有增长和创新，远远超过其他许多地方。 另一方面，如果我们不解决艾滋病毒危机， 那么你只会有更多的人得到

infected. If you don't have the right conditions, then the young people, particularly the men, can add to that instability. So Africa definitely hangs in the balance. Melinda, family planning has been one of the issues that you're most involved in. Can you talk to me a little about that? Family planning is crucial anywhere, in any community around the world, because if a woman can decide if and when to have a child, she's going to be healthier and her child is going to be healthier. That's one of the longest-standing pieces of global health research we have ... [If parents] can space the births of those children, they can then feed them, they can educate them, the woman can work and contribute her income to the family. It changes everything in the family dynamic, and it changes the community, and ultimately you get these country-level effects where it's good for everybody. You've gone all over the world and seen the problems up close. If you could wave a magic wand and fix just one thing, what would it be? The development of children. Today more than half the kids in Africa never fully develop physically or mentally because of malnutrition, their diet, and the diseases they face. With research on the human gut microbiome, we're gaining an understanding of stunting, why they don't grow. I'm super excited that by the end of the decade we expect to have cheap interventions so those kids will fully develop. That means all the investments you make in their education, wanting to benefit from their productivity, will work far better. So if there was just one thing it's the intervention to stop malnutrition.

感染。如果你没有合适的条件， 那么，年轻人，尤其是男性，可能会加剧这种不稳定。 因此，非洲肯定处于平衡之中。 梅琳达，计划生育是你最关心的问题之一。 你能和我谈谈吗？ 计划生育在世界任何地方、任何社区都至关重要， 因为如果一个女人可以决定是否以及何时生孩子， 她会更健康，她的孩子也会更健康。 这是我们拥有的全球健康研究中历史最悠久的部分之一。.. [如果父母]可以间隔这些孩子的出生时间， 然后，他们可以喂养它们，教育它们， 这个女人可以工作，为家庭贡献收入。 它改变了家庭中的一切，也改变了社区， 最终，你会得到这些国家层面的效果，这对每个人都有好处。 你走遍了世界各地，近距离地看到了这些问题。 如果你能挥动魔杖，只修复一件事，那会是什么？ 儿童的发展。 如今，非洲一半以上的孩子身体从未完全发育 或者因为营养不良、饮食和所面临的疾病而在精神上。 通过对人体肠道微生物组的研究， 我们正在了解发育迟缓的原因。 到本世纪末，我感到非常兴奋 我们希望有廉价的干预措施，这样这些孩子才能充分发展。 这意味着你在他们的教育上所做的所有投资， 想要从他们的生产力中受益，会做得更好。 所以，如果只有一件事，那就是干预以阻止营养不良。

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