Level 4 Reading 10B

Reading 10B

阅读10B

IN SEARCH OF LONGEVITY A long, healthy life is no accident. It begins with good genes inherited from your family, but it also depends on good habits. So what's the formula for success? In a study funded in part by the U.S. National Institute on Aging, scientists focused on groups living in several regions where exceptional longevity is the norm: Sardinia, Italy; Loma Linda, California; and the islands of Okinawa, Japan. Groups living in these three areas offer three sets of guidelines to follow. Sardinians Taking a break from farm work in the village of Silanus, 75-year-old Tonino Tola tickles the chin of his five-month-old grandson, Filippo, who watches from his mother's arms. "Goochi, goochi, goo," Tonino whispers. For this strong, healthy, 1.8-meter-tall man, these two things—hard work and family—form the foundation of his life. They may also help explain why Tonino and his neighbors live so long. A community of 2,400 people, Silanus is located on the edge of a mountainous region in central Sardinia, where dry fields rise suddenly into mountains of stone. In a group of villages in the heart of the region, 91 of the 17,865 people born between 1880 and 1900 have lived to their hundredth birthday— a rate more than twice as high as the average for Italy. Why do they live so long? Lifestyle is part of the answer. By 11:00 a.m. on this particular day, the industrious Tonino has already milked four cows, chopped wood, slaughtered a calf, and walked over six kilometers with his sheep. Now, taking the day's first break, he gathers his grown children, grandson, and visitors around the kitchen table. Giovanna, his wife, unties a handkerchief containing a paper-thin flatbread called carta da musica, pours some red wine, and cuts slices of homemade pecorino cheese. These Sardinians also benefit from their genetic history. According to Paolo Francalacci of the University of Sassari, 80 percent of them are directly related to the first Sardinians, who arrived in the area 11,000 years ago. Genetic traits made stronger over generations may favor longevity. Nutrition, too, is a factor. The Sardinians' diet is loaded with fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, fish, and wine. Most of these items are homegrown. Adventists It's Friday morning, and Marge Jetton is speeding down the highway in her purple Cadillac. She wears dark sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun's glare, though her head is barely higher than the steering wheel. Marge, who turned 101 in September, is late for one of several volunteer commitments she has today. Already this morning she's eaten breakfast, walked one and a half kilometers, and lifted weights. "I don't know why God gave me the privilege of living so long," she says, pointing to herself. "But look what he did." Marge—like many other residents of Loma Linda, California—is a Seventh-Day Adventist. The Adventist Church has always practiced and been a proponent of healthy living. It forbids smoking, alcohol consumption, and certain foods, such as pork. The church also discourages the consumption of other meat, rich foods, caffeinated drinks, and most spices. Adventists also observe a sacred day of the week on Saturday,

追求长寿 健康长寿并非偶然。 它始于从你的家庭继承的好基因，但也取决于良好的习惯。 那么，成功的公式是什么？ 在美国国家老龄化研究所部分资助的一项研究中， 科学家们关注的是生活在几个以长寿为常态的地区的群体： 意大利撒丁岛；加利福尼亚州洛马林达；以及日本冲绳岛。 生活在这三个地区的团体提供了三套指导方针。 萨蒂尼亚人 从Silanus村的农活中休息一下， 75岁的托尼诺·托拉（Tonino Tola）挠着他五个月大的孙子菲利波（Filippo）的下巴，菲利波正站在他母亲的怀里看着他。 “咕咕，咕咕，”托尼诺轻声说。 对于这个强壮、健康、身高1.8米的男人来说，这两件事——努力工作和家庭——构成了他生活的基础。 它们也可能有助于解释托尼诺和他的邻居为什么活得这么久。 Silanus是一个拥有2400人的社区，位于撒丁岛中部山区的边缘， 干旱的田野突然变成了石头山。 在该地区中心的一组村庄里， 在1880年至1900年间出生的17865人中，有91人活到了100岁生日-- 这一比率是意大利平均水平的两倍多。 他们为什么活这么久？ 生活方式是答案的一部分。 在这一天的上午11点，勤劳的托尼诺已经挤了四头奶牛的奶，砍了木头，屠宰了一头小牛， 带着他的羊走了六公里多。 现在，在一天的第一次休息中，他把成年的孩子、孙子和访客聚集在厨房的桌子旁。 他的妻子Giovanna解开了一条手帕，里面装着一个叫carta da musica的薄面包， 倒了一些红酒，切了几片自制的佩科里诺奶酪。 这些撒丁岛人也从他们的遗传史中受益。 萨萨里大学的Paolo Francalacci表示， 其中80%与11000年前抵达该地区的第一批撒丁岛人有直接关系。 世代相传的遗传特征可能有利于长寿。 营养也是一个因素。 撒丁岛人的饮食中充满了水果和蔬菜、牛奶和奶制品、鱼和葡萄酒。 这些物品大多是国产的。 基督复临派 这是星期五的早晨，玛吉·杰顿开着她的紫色凯迪拉克在高速公路上超速行驶。 她戴着墨镜来保护眼睛免受阳光的照射， 尽管她的头只比方向盘高一点。 Marge今年9月满101岁，她今天有几个志愿者承诺，但其中一个却迟到了。 今天早上，她已经吃过早餐，走了一公里半，还举重了。 “我不知道为什么上帝给了我活这么久的特权，”她指着自己说。 “但看看他做了什么。” Marge和加利福尼亚州洛马林达的许多其他居民一样，是一名基督复临安息日会教徒。 基督复临安息日会一直实践并倡导健康生活。 它禁止吸烟、饮酒和某些食物，如猪肉。 教会也不鼓励食用其他肉类、油腻食物、含咖啡因的饮料和大多数香料。 基督复临安息日会在星期六庆祝一周中的神圣日子，

assembling and socializing with other church members, which helps to relieve stress. A study found that the Adventists' habit of consuming beans, soymilk, tomatoes, and fruit lowered their risk of developing certain cancers. It also suggested that eating whole wheat bread, drinking five glasses of water a day, and consuming four servings of nuts a week reduced their risk of heart disease. It found that not eating red meat had been helpful in avoiding both cancer and heart disease. In the end, the study reached a surprising conclusion, says Gary Fraser of Loma Linda University: The average Adventist's lifespan surpasses that of the average Californian by four to ten years. That compelling evidence makes the Adventists one of the most-studied cultures of longevity in the United States. Okinawans The first thing you notice about Ushi Okushima is her laugh. It fills the room with pure joy. This rainy afternoon, she sits comfortably wrapped in a blue kimono. Her thick hair is combed back from her suntanned face, revealing alert green eyes. Her smooth hands lie folded peacefully in her lap. At her feet sit her friends, Setsuko and Matsu Taira, cross-legged on a tatami mat drinking tea. Ushi has recently taken a new job. She also tried to run away from home after a dispute with her daughter, Kikue. A relative caught up with her in another town 60 kilometers away and notified her daughter. Not long ago, she started wearing perfume, too. When asked about the perfume, she jokes that she has a new boyfriend. Predictable behavior for a young woman, perhaps, but Ushi is 103. With an average life expectancy of 81 years for men and 87 years for women, Okinawansare among the world's longest-lived people. This is undoubtedly due in part to Okinawa's warm and inviting climate and scenic beauty. Senior citizens living in these islands tend to enjoy years free from disabilities. Okinawans have very low rates of cancer and heart disease compared to seniors in the United States. They are also less likely to develop dementias in old age, says Craig Wilcox of the Okinawa Centenarian Study. A lean diet of food grown on the island and a philosophy of moderation— "eat until your stomach is 80 percent full"—may also be factors. Ironically, this healthy way of eating was born of hardship. Ushi Okushima grew up barefoot and poor; her family grew sweet potatoes, which formed the core of every meal. During World War II, when the men of the island joined the army, Ushi and her friend Setsuko fled to the center of the island with their children. "We experienced terrible hunger," Setsuko recalls. Many older Okinawans belong to a moai, a mutual support network that provides financial, emotional, and social help throughout life. Ikigai may be another key factor. The word translates roughly to "that which makes one's life worth living," and it is something that is different for each person. "My ikigai is right here," says Ushi with a slow sweep of her hand that indicates her friends Setsuko and Matsu. "If they die, I will wonder why I am living."

与其他教会成员聚会和社交，这有助于缓解压力。 一项研究发现，基督复临安息日会教徒食用豆类、豆奶、西红柿和水果的习惯 降低了他们患某些癌症的风险。 它还建议吃全麦面包，每天喝五杯水， 每周食用四份坚果可以降低患心脏病的风险。 研究发现，不吃红肉有助于避免癌症和心脏病。 洛马琳达大学的加里·弗雷泽说，最终，这项研究得出了一个令人惊讶的结论： 复临安息日信徒的平均寿命比加利福尼亚人的平均寿命长4到10年。 这一令人信服的证据使基督复临安息日会成为美国研究最多的长寿文化之一。 琉球人 你注意到的第一件事就是Ushi Okushima的笑声。 它让房间充满了纯粹的快乐。 这个下雨的下午，她穿着蓝色和服舒适地坐着。 她那浓密的头发从晒黑的脸向后梳去，露出一双机敏的绿眼睛。 她那光滑的双手平静地叠放在腿上。 坐在她脚边的是她的朋友，节子和松太郎，他们盘腿坐在榻榻米上喝茶。 乌什最近找到了一份新工作。 在与女儿Kique发生争执后，她还试图离家出走。 一位亲戚在60公里外的另一个城镇追上了她，并通知了她的女儿。 不久前，她也开始喷香水了。 当被问及香水时，她开玩笑说她有了新男朋友。 对于一个年轻女性来说，这可能是可以预测的行为，但乌什已经103岁了。 男性的平均预期寿命为81岁，女性为87岁， 冲绳人是世界上寿命最长的人之一。 这无疑部分归功于冲绳温暖宜人的气候和美丽的风景。 居住在这些岛屿上的老年人往往可以享受多年的无残疾生活。 与美国老年人相比，冲绳人患癌症和心脏病的比率非常低。 冲绳百岁老人研究的克雷格·威尔科克斯说，他们在老年时患痴呆症的可能性也较小。 岛上种植的精益饮食和节制的哲学-- “吃到肚子饱了80%”也可能是因素。 具有讽刺意味的是，这种健康的饮食方式源于艰苦。 Ushi Okushima赤脚长大，很穷； 她家种红薯，红薯是每顿饭的核心。 第二次世界大战期间，当岛上的人参军时， Ushi和她的朋友Setsuko带着孩子逃到了岛的中心。 “我们经历了可怕的饥饿，”节子回忆道。 许多年长的冲绳人属于摩艾族， 一个相互支持的网络，在一生中提供经济、情感和社会帮助。 Ikigai可能是另一个关键因素。 这个词大致翻译为“让一个人的生活值得过的东西” 这对每个人来说都是不同的。 “我的ikigai就在这里，”Ushi慢慢地扫了扫手说 这表明她的朋友节子和马祖。 “如果他们死了，我会想知道我为什么活着。”

♪

♪