Level 3 Reading 11B

Ch.22 Reading 11B

第22章 阅读11B

SEEING THE LIGHT In recent years, the artistic achievements of two 20th-century pioneers have been brought to a global audience. THE PICASSO OF BRAZIL In 2018, a major new exhibition opened at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). The show brought together more than a hundred works by a single Brazilian artist: Tarsila do Amaral. Although widely celebrated in her native country, the artist was relatively unknown outside Brazil. So who was Tarsila? Born in 1886 in a small town near Sao Paulo, Tarsila do Amaral is considered the mother of modern art in Brazil. She first developed a love for art after her parents sent her to study in Spain. She returned to Europe a few years later, and settled in Paris. Several artists there, including Picasso, were beginning to experiment with new forms—less realistic and more abstract. The new approaches continued to influence Tarsila after she returned to Brazil. Approaches to art in Brazil at that time were relatively conservative. Traditional European styles dominated, with works mainly featuring natural, religious, or historical scenes in soft colors. Tarsila decided to take a different direction: "I want to be the painter of my country," she wrote. Her images began to reflect Brazil's diverse identity—a mix of native, African, and European peoples. She used strong, vivid colors to paint real-life scenes of the nation's farmers, countryside, and wildlife. This had never been done before in Brazilian art. One of Tarsila's most famous works is Abaporu (1928). The title combines two words from Tupi-Guarani languages, meaning "Man Who Eats People." The painting has a playful, surreal quality—but its look and feel are distinctly Brazilian. The work—and its title—later inspired a Brazilian art movement called antropofagia, or cannibalism. Brazilian artists began to take in—or "digest"— styles from other cultures and mix them with local influences. The result was something uniquely Brazilian. Tarsila do Amaral died in Sao Paulo in 1973, age 86, after a career spanning six decades. But her artwork and legacy live on in her native Brazil. "For Brazilians, her recognition is kind of off the charts," says James Rondeau, director of the Art Institute of Chicago. "She is the Picasso of Brazil." Now, with the MoMA exhibition and other international shows, Tarsila's art is being appreciated by a new audience of admirers around the world.

看到光明 近年来，两位20世纪先锋的艺术成就被带到了全球观众面前。 巴西毕加索 2018年，纽约现代艺术博物馆（MoMA）举办了一场大型新展览。 该展览汇集了巴西艺术家塔西拉·多阿马拉尔的100多件作品。 尽管在她的祖国广受赞誉，但这位艺术家在巴西以外相对不为人知。塔西拉是谁？ 1886年出生于圣保罗附近的一个小镇， 塔西拉·多阿马拉尔被认为是巴西现代艺术之母。 在父母送她去西班牙留学后，她第一次爱上了艺术。 几年后，她回到欧洲，在巴黎定居。 包括毕加索在内的几位艺术家开始尝试新的形式——不那么现实，更抽象。 塔西拉回到巴西后，新方法继续影响着她。 当时巴西的艺术方法相对保守。 传统的欧洲风格占主导地位，作品主要以柔和的色彩描绘自然、宗教或历史场景。 塔西拉决定采取不同的方向：“我想成为我国家的画家，”她写道。 她的照片开始反映巴西的多元身份——原住民、非洲人和欧洲人的混合体。 她用强烈而生动的色彩描绘了这个国家农民、农村和野生动物的真实场景。 这在巴西艺术史上是前所未有的。 塔西拉最著名的作品之一是《阿巴波鲁》（1928）。 这个标题结合了图皮-瓜拉尼语中的两个词，意思是“吃人的人” 这幅画有一种俏皮、超现实的品质，但它的外观和感觉明显是巴西式的。 这件作品及其标题后来激发了一场名为“食人”的巴西艺术运动。 巴西艺术家开始吸收或“消化”其他文化的风格，并将其与当地文化相结合。 结果是巴西独有的东西。 塔西拉·多阿马拉尔在经历了60年的职业生涯后，于1973年在圣保罗去世，享年86岁。 但她的艺术作品和遗产在她的祖国巴西永存。 “对巴西人来说，她的认可有点超乎寻常。” 芝加哥艺术学院院长James Rondeau说。 “她是巴西的毕加索。” 现在，随着现代艺术博物馆展览和其他国际展览的举办， 塔西拉的艺术正受到世界各地新的崇拜者的欣赏。

THE SECRET PHOTOGRAPHER At first, they seemed like ordinary photographs. A couple holding hands. A child standing by a dirty window. A man daydreaming in a park. The images were hidden in boxes for years, unseen except by the woman who took them: Vivian Maier. But when a collector bought some of the boxes at auction, he soon realized their contents were remarkable. Maier's street scenes might seem ordinary, but they were actually very special. Vivian Maier was born in New York City in 1926, the daughter of French and Austrian immigrants. For most of her early life, she moved between New York and Europe. In 1956, she moved to Chicago, where she worked as a nanny and caregiver. In her free time, she walked the city streets, taking pictures and developing her photography skills. It was a hobby she would continue for the rest of her life. Maier's black-and-white images mostly portray urban life: street scenes and regular people. Residents carry out everyday tasks—shopping, riding on buses, walking in a park. Often, she took her pictures in secret. People are caught acting naturally, unaware that they are being photographed. Many of the photos reveal something personal—and often deeply moving. They show us the beauty, humor, pain, and the mystery of normal life. In total, Maier took over 100,000 photographs, but she developed very few. Instead, she kept most of the negatives and a few prints in boxes in a rented storage space in Chicago. Toward the end of her life, she was unable to pay rent to the storage company. So the boxes—with her work inside—were sold at auction. In 2007, John Maloof purchased the contents of one of the storage lockers. Realizing the quality of the images, he added a selection of Maier's photographs to an image-sharing website. Thousands of people worldwide viewed the photos, and many went viral. Maier's photos began to appear in books and exhibitions. In 2015, a movie about her life—Finding Vivian Maier—was nominated for an Academy Award. It is not known why Maier kept her photos secret, or how she might feel about her worldwide fame. She died in April 2009, in a nursing home in the Chicago suburbs. Much of Maier's life remains a mystery. But her talent as a visual storyteller—for so long hidden in darkness—has finally seen the light of day.

秘密摄影师 起初，它们看起来像是普通的照片。 一对手牵手的情侣。一个孩子站在一扇脏兮兮的窗户旁。一个男人在公园里做白日梦。 这些照片被藏在盒子里好几年了，除了拍照的女人维维安·梅尔，其他人都看不见。 但当一位收藏家在拍卖会上买了一些箱子时，他很快意识到里面的东西非同寻常。 梅尔的街头场景可能看起来很普通，但实际上非常特别。 维维安·梅尔于1926年出生于纽约市，是法国和奥地利移民的女儿。 在她早年的大部分时间里，她在纽约和欧洲之间移动。 1956年，她搬到芝加哥，在那里做保姆和看护人。 在她的空闲时间，她走在城市的街道上，拍照和发展她的摄影技巧。 这是她余生都会继续的爱好。 梅尔的黑白照片大多描绘了城市生活：街景和普通人。 居民们进行日常活动——购物、乘坐公共汽车、在公园散步。 她经常秘密地拍照。 人们表现得很自然，却不知道自己被拍到了。 许多照片揭示了一些个人的东西，而且往往令人深受感动。 它们向我们展示了正常生活的美丽、幽默、痛苦和神秘。 梅尔总共拍摄了超过10万张照片，但她冲洗的照片很少。 相反，她把大部分底片和一些版画放在芝加哥租来的存储空间里的盒子里。 在她生命的最后阶段，她无法向仓储公司支付租金。 所以这些盒子——里面有她的作品——在拍卖会上被卖掉了。 2007年，John Maloof购买了其中一个储物柜的物品。 意识到图像的质量，他将梅尔的精选照片添加到了一个图像共享网站上。 全世界有数千人观看了这些照片，其中许多照片在网上疯传。 梅尔的照片开始出现在书籍和展览中。 2015年，一部关于她的生活的电影《寻找薇薇安·梅尔》获得了奥斯卡奖提名。 目前尚不清楚梅尔为什么对自己的照片保密，也不清楚她对自己在世界范围内的名声有何感受。 她于2009年4月在芝加哥郊区的一家疗养院去世。 梅尔的大部分生活仍然是个谜。 但她作为视觉故事讲述者的天赋——长期隐藏在黑暗中——终于看到了曙光。

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