part 23

220 Here are some of the greatest sayings of all time which, in one language or another, go on living in people's minds. For many centuries school children in China began to learn to read with this sentence: "Human nature is good." Mencius (4th century B.C.) From the Chung Yung (a later work of the school of Confucius): "What makes us is named our nature. What directs our nature is named the Way. What makes the Way possible is education."

这里有一些有史以来最伟大的名言，它们以一种语言或另一种语言一直活在人们的心中。 几个世纪以来，中国的学生开始用这句话来学习阅读：“人性本善。” 孟子（公元前4世纪）《钟容》（孔子学派的后期著作）中说：“构成我们的，称为我们的本性。 指导我们本性的东西叫做道。 使道成为可能的是教育。”

221 From the Brihadaˉranyaka Upanishad (6th century B.C.): "Yaˉj.avalkya said, 'You cannot see the seer of seeing or hear the hearer of hearing or think the thinker of thought or know the knower. This is the Self. Your own Self lives in the hearts of all."' From the Apology of Socrates: "I do nothing, men of Athens, but go about telling you, young and old, not to care for your bodies or your property so much as for your souls." Socrates was speaking to the Athenians who were making up their minds to put him to death. Socrates (469–399 B.C.) was the first man to talk of the soul (psyche) in the sense in which we have used the word since then.

221 .公元前6世纪的《布里哈达奥义书》（Brihada - ranyaka Upanishad）：观音菩萨说：“你不能看见看见者，不能听到听到者，不能想到思想者，也不能认识认识者。” 这就是自我。你自己住在所有人的心中。“苏格拉底自辩” “雅典人啊，我什么也不做，我只是告诉你们，无论老少，不要关心你们的身体和财产，而要关心你们的灵魂” 苏格拉底在对雅典人讲话，而雅典人正决定要处死他。 苏格拉底（公元前469-399）是第一个谈论灵魂（psyche）的人，我们从那时起就一直使用这个词。

222 At first, writing seems to have been chiefly a way of keeping records. The first great poems, the Iliad, for example, were in the minds and mouths of poet after poet before they were written down. The teachings of Buddha and of Mencius, Confucius and the earlier Hebrews were given first by the spoken word and written down later by some who heard them. Socrates, though he used books, thought that teaching should be by word of mouth and by example. And Jesus taught only by what he said and did and was. Later, the written word was to become the chief instrument through which we could try to understand ourselves and our world.

起初，写作似乎主要是一种保存记录的方式。 第一批伟大的诗歌，比如《伊利亚特》，在被写下来之前，就已经在一个又一个诗人的心中和口中了。 佛祖、孟子、孔子和早期的希伯来人的教义，最初是口头的，后来由听过的人写下来。 苏格拉底虽然使用书本，但他认为教学应该通过口口相传和以身作则。 耶稣照着自己的言行为人教导人。 后来，书面文字成为了我们了解自己和世界的主要工具。

223 It is chiefly through reading, and through thought about what we read, that we come to see how our ideas depend upon one another—very much as we are dependent upon others, or as organs in our bodies are interdependent. Through reading and reflection we can learn to know ourselves. Reflect for a while on these words of Shakespeare. Thinking, he says, "…turns not to itself Till it has traveled and is mirror'd there Where it may see itself." Some very good students of Shakespeare think that he wrote married, not mirror'd in line 110.

主要是通过阅读，通过思考我们所读的东西，我们才明白我们的思想是如何相互依赖的，就像我们彼此依赖他人，或像我们身体的器官相互依赖一样。 通过阅读和反思，我们可以了解自己。 思考一下莎士比亚的这些话。 思想，他说，“……直到它旅行到那里，在那里有一面镜子，它才能看到自己。” 一些研究莎士比亚的好学生认为他写的是已婚，而不是110行。

224 Every idea with which we reflect is what it is and can do what it can do only because our other organs of thought are what they are and do their own work. The parts of this bridge do what they do only because the other parts of it are there and are doing their work. And this is equally true of the words in a language. Every word is able to work as it does only because other words work with it. In every step we take, what any of our muscles can do depends on what our other muscles are doing, and all this is possible only because our nerve cells are in control. And nerve cells can work together well only if the blood is serving them well.

224 .我们所反映的每一个思想都是它所是，能做它所能做的，只是因为我们的其他思想器官是它们所是，并做它们自己的工作。 这座桥的各个部分之所以做它们的工作，只是因为它的其他部分在那里，在做它们的工作。 这同样适用于语言中的单词。 每个单词之所以能发挥作用，只是因为有其他单词与之配合。 在我们走的每一步中，任何一块肌肉的动作都取决于其他肌肉的动作，而这一切之所以可能，只是因为我们的神经细胞在控制。 而神经细胞只有在血液正常运转的情况下才能很好地协同工作。

225 And the blood can serve them well only if the heart is in good order and if the lungs are taking in enough oxygen; and the heart and lungs in turn are dependent on the food the stomach can give the blood stream and on the control the nervous system can keep up over all the organs of the body.

只有当心脏正常，肺部吸入足够的氧气时，血液才能很好地为它们服务；反过来，心脏和肺依赖于胃提供的食物和血液，以及神经系统对身体所有器官的控制。