10 Caves

Caves written by John Lockyer

约翰·洛克耶写的洞穴

Caves are found high up in the mountains, under the sea, and deep under the earth. Some caves are only big enough for one person. underwater cave Other caves have long, twisting tunnels, and huge hollows. Rocks, lakes, waterfalls, streams, and tiny plants and animals are found inside caves.

在高山上、海底和地下深处都可以找到洞穴。 有些洞穴只够一个人住。 其他洞穴有长长的、扭曲的隧道和巨大的洞穴。 洞穴里有岩石、湖泊、瀑布、溪流和微小的植物和动物。

Some caves are made by volcanoes. When lava flows out of a volcano, the surface cools down and turns into rock. lava cave The rock makes a tube around the hot lava inside. When the lava stops flowing, a big tunnel called a lava cave is left behind.

有些洞穴是火山形成的。 当熔岩从火山流出时，表面冷却并变成岩石。 岩石在里面的热熔岩周围形成了一个管道。 当熔岩停止流动时，留下了一个叫做熔岩洞的大隧道。

Sea caves are made when waves crash against a cliff on the seashore. The waves break away any weak rocks, and they can make a hollow at the bottom of the cliff. sea cave As more rocks are broken away, the hollow becomes a cave. Crabs, starfish, octopuses, seals, and sea lions make their homes in sea caves.

海洞是海浪撞击海边悬崖时形成的。 海浪冲垮了任何脆弱的岩石，在悬崖底部形成一个空洞。 随着更多的岩石被凿开，这个洞就变成了一个洞穴。 螃蟹、海星、章鱼、海豹和海狮都在海洞里安家。

Ice caves are made by water that has frozen. In summer, some of the ice melts, and the cave opens up. ice cave In winter, the water freezes again, and the cave closes up. It is very, very cold inside an ice cave.

冰洞是由结冰的水形成的。 到了夏天，一些冰融化了，洞穴就打开了。 在冬天，水又结冰了，洞穴就封闭了。 在冰洞里非常非常冷。

Most caves are found in limestone rock. Rainwater runs down through cracks in the rock, and it flows into underwater streams. limestone cave The rainwater slowly washes away the soft rock in any cracks, and it cuts out tunnels and caves. It takes thousands of years to make a limestone cave.

大多数洞穴都是在石灰岩中发现的。 雨水从岩石的裂缝中流下，流入水下溪流。 雨水慢慢地冲刷掉裂缝中的软岩，凿出隧道和洞穴。 形成一个石灰岩洞穴需要几千年的时间。