4 Chapter 3 Roughing It

Chapter 3 Roughing It "Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please." —Mark Twain Sam might have been a riverboat pilot all his life. But in the spring of 1861, after Abraham Lincoln became president, the Civil War broke out in the United States. Suddenly, Americans were fighting one another. All commercial traffic on the Mississippi River stopped.

“先掌握事实，然后你就可以随心所欲地歪曲事实。” -马克·吐温山姆可能一辈子都是内河领航员。 但是在1861年春天，亚伯拉罕·林肯成为总统之后，美国爆发了内战。 突然之间，美国人开始自相残杀。 密西西比河上所有的商业交通都停止了。

The Civil War split the country into the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy). FOR DECADES BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR BEGAN, NORTHERN STATES AND SOUTHERN STATES HAD ARGUED OVER SLAVERY. THE NORTH WAS A REGION OF SMALL FARMS AND FACTORIES, WHERE WORKERS WERE PAID FOR THEIR LABOR. THE SOUTH WAS AN AREA WITH MANY LARGE PLANTATIONS THAT DEPENDED ON UNPAID SLAVE LABOR TO BRING IN CROPS LIKE TOBACCO AND COTTON. FOR MANY YEARS, SOUTHERNERS HAD FELT CONTROLLED BY

内战将国家分裂为北方(联邦)和南方(邦联)。 在内战开始之前的几十年里，北方各州和南方各州就奴隶制问题争论不休。 北方是一个小农场和工厂的地区，那里的工人是按劳动报酬的。 南方是一个有许多大型种植园的地区，这些种植园依靠无偿的奴隶劳动来种植烟草和棉花等作物。 多年来，南方人一直感到被

NORTHERN BANKS, WHICH SET THE PRICES FOR THESE CROPS. IN ALL, ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES LEFT THE UNION AND FORMED THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. THE NORTH SAID NO STATE HAD THE RIGHT TO DO THAT AND WENT TO WAR IN 1861 TO PRESERVE THE UNION. AFTER THE NORTHERN VICTORY IN 1865, SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED. THE FOUR YEARS OF FIGHTING CLAIMED 620,000 LIVES. Sam did not have strong opinions about the conflict. He made his way home to Hannibal, hoping the war would end quickly. He wanted to return to the river. Even though it was a slave-holding state where most people sided with the South, Missouri remained part of the Union.

为这些农作物定价的北方银行。 总共有11个南方州脱离了联邦，组成了美利坚联盟国。 北方说，任何州都没有权利这么做，并在1861年发动战争以维护联邦。 1865年北方取得胜利后，奴隶制被废除。 四年的战争夺去了62万人的生命。 萨姆对这场冲突没有强烈的看法。 他回到汉尼拔，希望战争能尽快结束。 他想回到河边。 尽管密苏里州是一个蓄奴州，大多数人都站在南方一边，但它仍然是联邦的一部分。

Some of Sam's boyhood pals formed a small unit of Confederate irregulars. (Irregulars were soldiers who were not part of the regular army.) The men called themselves the Marion Rangers. For lack of anything better to do, Sam joined them.

萨姆儿时的一些伙伴组成了一支南方联盟的非正规军。 (非正规军是指不属于正规军的士兵。)这些人自称为马里恩游骑兵队。 由于没有更好的事情可做，萨姆也加入了他们。

The Marion Rangers spent most of their time hiding from Union troops. "I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating," Sam later said. After two weeks, the men were tired and hungry. They called it quits.

马里昂游骑兵队大部分时间都在躲避联邦军队。 “我比那个发明撤退的人更了解撤退，”萨姆后来说。 两周后，这些人又累又饿。 他们分手了。

Luckily for Sam, his brother Orion had just been named Secretary of the U.S. Territory of Nevada. Pioneers had been settling the West since the Oregon Trail opened in the 1840s. Now Sam would head out there, too, as Orion's personal secretary. Sam didn't feel bad about skedaddling and leaving others to fight the war. He was eager to explore the West. In July, the brothers climbed aboard a stagecoach for the three-week journey from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Carson City, Nevada. Sam wrote that they were leaving the States and "all sorts of cares and responsibilities" behind them.

幸运的是，山姆的哥哥奥里翁刚刚被任命为美国部长 内华达州的领土。自19世纪40年代俄勒冈小道开通以来，拓荒者就一直在西部定居。 现在山姆也要去那里，做奥里翁的私人秘书。 萨姆对自己逃之夭夭，丢下别人去打仗并不感到难过。 他渴望去西部探险。 今年7月，兄弟俩登上了一辆公共马车，开始了为期三周的旅程。 从密苏里州的约瑟夫到内华达州的卡森市。 萨姆写道，他们要离开美国，离开身后的“各种烦恼和责任”。