7 War Between the States

Chapter 7 War Between the States Abraham Lincoln won the election. He took office on March 4, 1861. In the six months following the election, fearing Lincoln would end slavery, eleven states in the South seceded, or broke away from, the United States. Together, they formed the Confederate States of America and elected their own president. And on April 12, 1861, Confederate troops attacked a Union garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The Civil War had begun. To Lincoln, the purpose of the war was to defeat the Confederacy and bring the Southern states back into the Union. To Frederick, it was that and more: It was a battle over slavery. Frederick was determined to ensure that if the Union won, slavery would be abolished forever.

第七章各州之间的战争亚伯拉罕·林肯赢得了选举。 他于1861年3月4日就职。 在选举后的六个月里，由于担心林肯会结束奴隶制，南方的11个州脱离了美国。 他们一起组成了美利坚联盟国，并选举了自己的总统。 1861年4月12日，邦联军队袭击了南卡罗来纳萨姆特堡的联邦驻军。 内战开始了。对林肯来说，这场战争的目的是打败南方邦联，让南方各州重新加入联邦。 对腓特烈来说，这不仅仅是：这是一场为奴隶制而战。 弗雷德里克下定决心，如果联邦获胜，奴隶制将被永远废除。

From the start, Frederick felt strongly that all slaves should be freed and allowed to serve in the Union army. This would show Americans that blacks were as brave and deserving of liberty as whites. And with slaves fighting for the Union, the South would be drained of its workforce. Lincoln, however, was slow to act. To achieve his goals, Frederick gave hundreds of speeches, wrote to the country's leaders, and spoke out in his newspaper, which he had renamed Douglass' Monthly.

从一开始，弗雷德里克就强烈认为所有的奴隶都应该获得自由，并被允许在联邦军队中服役。 这将向美国人表明，黑人和白人一样勇敢，应该享有自由。 随着奴隶为联邦而战，南方的劳动力将被耗尽。 然而，林肯行动迟缓。 为了实现他的目标，弗雷德里克发表了数百次演讲，给国家领导人写信，并在他的报纸上发表了讲话，他把这份报纸改名为道格拉斯月刊。

By 1862, with the war still raging, the Union needed more troops. In September, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed all slaves in Confederate territory on January 1, 1863. The Proclamation also allowed blacks to enlist in the Union army. It was an amazing milestone. Frederick knew the Emancipation Proclamation wasn't perfect. For one thing, Lincoln didn't really have control over any of the slaves in Confederate territory. There were also a million slaves in the border states, slave states that had remained in the Union. The Proclamation didn't free them. But the Emancipation Proclamation was a turning point in the war and in the fight against slavery. On January 1, news that the Proclamation had officially been signed came into the Boston church where Frederick waited with three thousand others. The crowd erupted into "shouts of praise... sobs and tears" and celebrated long into the night.

到1862年，战争仍在继续，联邦需要更多的军队。 9月，林肯发布了《解放奴隶宣言》。 它在1863年1月1日解放了邦联领土上的所有奴隶。 该宣言还允许黑人加入联邦军队。 这是一个惊人的里程碑。 弗雷德里克知道《解放奴隶宣言》并不完美。 首先，林肯并没有真正控制邦联领土上的任何奴隶。 在边境各州也有一百万奴隶，这些州仍然是联邦的奴隶州。 宣言并没有解放他们。 但是《解放奴隶宣言》是战争和反对奴隶制斗争的转折点。 1月1日，《宣言》正式签署的消息传到了波士顿教堂，弗雷德里克和另外三千人在那里等候。 人群爆发出“赞叹声…… 哭泣和眼泪”，庆祝到深夜。

Now Frederick could work to recruit black soldiers. The governor of Massachusetts asked for his help filling the ranks of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, a regiment of all-black troops. Frederick wrote a powerful article titled "Men of Color, to Arms!" to rally blacks to fight for freedom. "This is your hour and mine," he wrote. "The iron gate of our prison stands half open." He traveled through the North signing up black troops. Frederick's sons, Lewis and Charles, were among the first to enlist. In all, nearly two hundred thousand blacks

现在腓特烈可以招募黑人士兵了。 马萨诸塞州州长请求他帮助招募马萨诸塞志愿军第五十四团的士兵，这是一个全由黑人组成的团。 弗雷德里克写了一篇名为《有色人种，拿起武器！》的文章，号召黑人为自由而战。 “这是你我的时刻，”他写道。 “我们监狱的铁门半开着。” 他走遍北方，征召黑人军队。 腓特烈的儿子刘易斯和查尔斯是第一批参军的人。 总共有近20万黑人

would fight bravely for the Union and help win many battles. But Frederick was troubled when he found that black soldiers were not treated the same as whites. Black soldiers received about half the pay of white soldiers. They got little training, were not commissioned as officers, and were not rewarded for bravery. Frederick used his pen and his words, writing letters and speaking out for equal treatment. Then he went to Washington, DC, to request a meeting with President Lincoln. Here was a former slave, one who had openly disagreed with the president, hoping to meet with the most powerful man in the nation. How would he be received? Would he be received at all? At the White House, President Lincoln welcomed Frederick as an equal. He listened carefully to his concerns and agreed that black soldiers had proved themselves in battle. Frederick didn't get all the answers he hoped for that day. But he was encouraged by Lincoln's attention and felt the president was a good man. By the end of the war, black soldiers got equal

勇敢地为联邦而战，并帮助赢得了许多战役。 但是，当弗雷德里克发现黑人士兵没有得到与白人一样的待遇时，他感到很困扰。 黑人士兵的工资只有白人士兵的一半。 他们没有受过什么训练，没有被任命为军官，也没有因为勇敢而得到奖励。 腓特烈用他的笔和他的文字，写信并大声疾呼要求平等待遇。 然后，他前往华盛顿特区，要求与林肯总统会面。 这是一个曾经的奴隶，他公开反对总统，希望能见到这个国家最有权势的人。 他会受到怎样的接待？他会被接待吗？ 在白宫，林肯总统以平等的身份欢迎弗雷德里克。 他仔细倾听了他的担忧，并同意黑人士兵在战斗中证明了自己。 弗雷德里克那天并没有得到他希望得到的所有答案。 但是林肯对他的关注使他受到鼓舞，他觉得林肯是个好人。 战争结束时，黑人士兵得到了平等待遇