6 Chapter 5 Breaking Away

Chapter 5 Breaking Away The long French and Indian War had been very costly for England. The king—George II—had borrowed a lot of money. The war had been fought on American soil. Even after England won, an army of ten thousand redcoats remained in America in case the French acted up again.

漫长的法印战争使英国付出了巨大的代价。 国王乔治二世借了很多钱。 这场战争是在美国领土上进行的。 即使在英国获胜之后，一支由一万名英国士兵组成的军队仍留在美洲，以防法国人再次挑起事端。

In 1763 the king's grandson—George III—took the throne. The new king thought it only fair for the colonies to pay for the war expenses. Where would the money come from? Taxes. In 1765 the English Parliament passed the Stamp Act. In the colonies, all kinds of documents and paper goods suddenly had to carry a stamp on them. Wills, contracts, college diplomas, and marriage licenses weren't valid without the stamp. Newspapers and playing cards had to be stamped, too. The stamps didn't cost much. But the colonists were furious. It was one thing for their own local governments to pass new taxes. Local governments were made up of men elected by the colonists. But Parliament was three thousand miles away. Colonists had no power there. They hadn't elected any of the members of Parliament. Nor could they vote them out of office. What seemed fair to the king and to Parliament on one side of the Atlantic seemed totally unfair to

1763年，国王的孙子乔治三世即位。 新国王认为由殖民地支付战争费用才是公平的。 钱从哪里来? 税。1765年，英国议会通过了《印花税法案》。 在殖民地，各种各样的文件和纸制品突然都必须贴上邮票。 遗嘱、合同、大学文凭和结婚证没有盖章都是无效的。 报纸和扑克牌也必须盖章。 这些邮票不贵。 但是殖民者们非常愤怒。 对他们自己的地方政府来说，通过新税是一回事。 地方政府由殖民者选举产生的人组成。 但国会远在三千英里之外。 殖民者在那里没有权力。 他们没有选出任何国会议员。 他们也不能把他们赶下台。 对大西洋彼岸的国王和国会来说似乎公平的事情，对大西洋彼岸的国王和国会来说却完全不公平

colonists in America. Where did George Washington stand on the Stamp Act? He thought it was wrong, but he didn't join in the protests. Parliament ended the Stamp Act in 1766 because so many angry colonists had stopped

美洲的殖民者乔治·华盛顿对《印花税法案》持什么立场? 他认为这是不对的，但他没有参加抗议。 议会在1766年终止了《印花税法案》，因为许多愤怒的殖民者停止了这项法案

buying British goods. It was hurting trade. But the very next year Parliament forced colonists to pay taxes on paper, paint, glass, lead, and tea. All these items were imported from England. Once again protests in America brought about the repeal—the end—of the taxes, all except for one: The tax on tea. A tax on tea may not seem important. But tea was a very popular drink in the colonies. People often drank fifteen cups a day. Taxing tea made everyone mad . . . including George Washington. Rather than pay the tea tax, he switched to coffee.

购买英国商品。这损害了贸易。 但就在第二年，议会强迫殖民地居民为纸张、油漆、玻璃、铅和茶叶纳税。 所有这些物品都是从英国进口的。 美国的抗议活动再次导致了这项法案的废除——所有税种的终结，除了一项:茶叶税。 对茶叶征税似乎并不重要。 但茶在殖民地是一种非常受欢迎的饮料。 人们经常一天喝十五杯。 对茶叶征税让每个人都很生气。 。。包括乔治·华盛顿。 他没有交茶税，而是改喝咖啡。

The latest round of taxes changed his feelings about being an English subject. He thought Parliament's control of the colonies was unjust. It had to stop. He wrote to a friend that colonists should not "hesitate to use arms" to defend their rights. Before the wave of taxes, the thirteen colonies had little in common with one another. Each colony considered itself a separate land with its own separate interests. Now anger over taxes brought the colonies together. It united them. England cracked down on Boston after the Tea Party. The harbor was closed. The local government was shut down. British troops moved in. No goods could come in or go out of the city. Business came to a halt. Food was scarce. Still, the citizens refused to pay for the ruined tea. After all, they had only been standing up for their rights. BOSTON TEA PARTY

最近一轮的税收改变了他作为英国臣民的感觉。 他认为议会对殖民地的控制是不公正的。 它必须停止。他在给朋友的信中说，殖民者应该毫不犹豫地使用武器来捍卫自己的权利。 在税收浪潮之前，13个殖民地彼此之间几乎没有共同之处。 每个殖民地都认为自己是一块独立的土地，有自己独立的利益。 现在，对税收的愤怒使殖民地团结起来。 它使他们团结起来。英国在茶党事件后镇压了波士顿。 港口关闭了。当地政府被关闭。 英国军队进驻。没有货物可以进出这个城市。 生意停顿了。食物匮乏。 尽管如此，市民们还是拒绝为残破的茶叶买单。 毕竟，他们只是在捍卫自己的权利。 波士顿倾茶事件

IN NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA ANGRY CROWDS PREVENTED BRITISH BOATS FROM UNLOADING CARGOES OF TEA.

在纽约和费城，愤怒的人群阻止英国船只卸载茶叶。