3 Chapter 2 The Pirate Way

Chapter 2 The Pirate Way Pirates have been a part of life at sea almost since people first started sailing. The ancient Greeks battled pirates as they sailed on the Mediterranean Sea. The ancient Romans fought off pirates who wanted the valuable olive oil carried on Roman ships. The Vikings were pirates of a kind, sailing their warships to raid villages in Europe or capture ships they found at sea. In the 1500s, English and French pirates called buccaneers sailed the Caribbean Sea. They took their famous name from buccan, a Native

自从人类开始航海以来，海盗就成为海上生活的一部分。 古希腊人在地中海上与海盗作战。 古罗马人击退了海盗，他们想要罗马船上的珍贵橄榄油。 维京人是一种海盗，他们驾驶战舰袭击欧洲的村庄，或者捕获他们在海上发现的船只。 16世纪，被称为buccaneers的英国和法国海盗在加勒比海航行。 他们的名字来自布肯，一个土著

American word for how the men cooked the meat they ate on their ships. Buccaneers most often attacked Spanish ships and settlements in the Caribbean. English authorities let the buccaneers fight until 1681, when such attacks against Spain were outlawed.

美国人在船上吃的肉是怎么煮的。 海盗经常袭击加勒比海的西班牙船只和定居点。 英国当局允许海盗战斗，直到1681年，这种对西班牙的袭击才被禁止。

Historians call the early 1700s the "Golden Age of Piracy." Pirates ventured wherever their ships could take them. They did not follow the rules of a navy or a government. Men like Benjamin Hornigold moved about freely, looking for ships to capture. Many sailors easily "turned pirate" because they could make much more money than if they stayed in the navy. In the navy, a sailor had to do whatever his officers asked of him. If a navy ship captured an enemy ship, the naval officers got most of the cargo and money. Regular sailors received only a small reward. The food on most navy ships was not very good, either. It might have included salted beef that had been stored in barrels for months. The bread was often so hard that it had to be soaked in water to soften it before it could be eaten. Many sailors died from scurvy because they didn't eat enough fresh vegetables and fruit. It was a hard life.

历史学家称18世纪早期为“海盗的黄金时代”。 海盗们冒险到他们的船能载他们到的任何地方。 他们不遵守海军或政府的规定。 像本杰明·霍尼戈尔德这样的人四处自由活动，寻找可以俘获的船只。 许多水手很容易“变成海盗”，因为他们可以比留在海军赚更多的钱。 在海军里，水手必须按照军官的吩咐去做。 如果一艘海军舰艇俘获了一艘敌舰，海军军官就会得到大部分货物和金钱。 普通水手只能得到很少的奖励。 大多数海军舰艇上的食物也不是很好。 其中可能包括在桶中存放数月的咸牛肉。 这种面包通常很硬，必须先在水里泡一下才能吃。 许多水手死于坏血病，因为他们没有吃足够的新鲜蔬菜和水果。 那是一种艰苦的生活。

Pirate ships, on the other hand, were run by all the pirates working together as a committee. They voted one man as captain, but they could vote him out if they didn't like how he ran the ship. All the pirates shared what they stole. And because pirate ships could return to port often, they ate better and fresher food.

另一方面，海盗船是由所有海盗作为一个委员会共同管理的。 他们选了一个人当船长，但如果他们不喜欢他管理这艘船的方式，他们也可以把他赶下台。 所有的海盗都分享他们偷来的东西。 因为海盗船可以经常返回港口，他们吃到更好更新鲜的食物。

SCURVY SCURVY IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN C. IT WAS VERY COMMON IN THE 1600S AND 1700S, WHEN SAILING SHIPS WERE FAR FROM LAND FOR WEEKS AND MONTHS AT A TIME. SAILORS' TEETH WOULD FALL OUT. THEY WOULD BECOME EXTREMELY TIRED. AND THEIR SKIN WOULD BECOME COVERED IN SPOTS OR SORES. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, MORE THAN HALF THE DEATHS IN THE BRITISH ROYAL NAVY WERE DUE TO SCURVY, NOT INJURIES RECEIVED IN BATTLE. FOR MANY YEARS, SHIPS' DOCTORS DID NOT KNOW THE CAUSE OF OR THE CURE FOR SCURVY. SAILORS WHO ATE FRESH FRUIT OR VEGETABLES SEEMED TO GET SCURVY LESS OFTEN. BUT CARRYING FRESH FOOD WAS DIFFICULT. THERE WERE NO REFRIGERATORS OR ICE TO PRESERVE IT. THE ROYAL NAVY FOUND ONE SOLUTION. THEY BEGAN SERVING LEMON JUICE TO SAILORS ON LONG VOYAGES.

坏血病是一种由缺乏维生素c引起的疾病。 这在17世纪和18世纪非常普遍，当时帆船一次要远离陆地数周甚至数月。 水手的牙齿会脱落。 他们会变得非常疲惫。 他们的皮肤会被斑点或疮覆盖。 在18世纪上半叶，英国皇家海军中超过一半的死亡是由于坏血病，而不是在战斗中受伤。 多年来，船上的医生都不知道坏血病的病因和治疗方法。 吃新鲜水果或蔬菜的水手似乎更少得坏血病。 但是运送新鲜食物很困难。 没有冰箱或冰块来保存它。 皇家海军找到了一个解决办法。 他们开始为长途航行的水手提供柠檬汁。

THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND WHY AT THE TIME, BUT THAT WAS INDEED THE CURE. SAILORS WHO GOT THEIR VITAMIN C FROM LEMON OR LIME JUICE, OR FROM OTHER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, WERE ABLE TO PREVENT SCURVY.

他们当时不明白为什么，但这确实是治疗方法。 从柠檬汁、酸橙汁或其他水果和蔬菜中获取维生素c的水手能够预防坏血病。