4 Chapter 3 The Wider World

Chapter 3 The Wider World Leonardo stayed at Verrocchio's workshop a long time—thirteen years. He became a master and a member of the guild. But he didn't move out to start a studio of his own. Perhaps Verrocchio's studio felt like a home to Leonardo, a place where he belonged and was wanted. Verrocchio was a kind master, and the two were probably quite close. Florence was also an exciting place to live. It was full of new ideas. It was also a city with books. Lots of books. Until the mid-1400s, there were no printed books. Every book was copied by hand. Sometimes beautiful pictures were painted on the pages. The result was a work of art in itself. But it took a long time to make a single book.

列奥纳多在韦罗基奥的画室里呆了很长时间——十三年。 他成为了一名大师和公会成员。 但他并没有搬出去开自己的工作室。 也许韦罗基奥的画室对列奥纳多来说就像一个家，一个他属于并被需要的地方。 韦罗基奥是个和蔼可亲的主人，这两个人很可能关系很好。 佛罗伦萨也是一个令人兴奋的居住地。 它充满了新的想法。它也是一个有书的城市。 很多书。直到15世纪中期，还没有印刷书籍。 每本书都是手工抄写的。 有时书页上画着美丽的图画。 其结果本身就是一件艺术品。 但制作一本书需要很长时间。

Then, around 1450, in Germany, a man named Johannes Gutenberg made a discovery. He figured out how to build a printing press. It used letters made of pieces of steel. They could be moved around to create different words. An inked page of type could be printed onto paper many times. The Bible was considered the most important book. So the first title printed was a Bible.

然后，大约在1450年，在德国，一个名叫约翰内斯·古腾堡的人有了一个发现。 他想出了制造印刷机的办法。 它使用的是由钢制成的字母。 它们可以移动来创造不同的单词。 一页上了墨的铅字可以多次印在纸上。 《圣经》被认为是最重要的书。 所以第一个印刷的标题是《圣经》。

Very quickly, however, other books were printed as well. Books on math. Books of maps. Books by great thinkers of the past, like Plato and Aristotle. With more books available, more people started learning to read.

然而，很快，其他的书也被印刷出来了。 关于数学的书。地图书。 过去伟大思想家写的书，比如柏拉图和亚里士多德。 有了更多的书，更多的人开始学习阅读。

As a child, Leonardo had been taught to read and write. He also knew simple math. But that wasn't enough for him. He wanted to learn about everything. He couldn't attend a university. But he could teach himself. So he started buying and collecting books. He continued to do this all his life. Artists needed math in order to make paintings look three-dimensional, or 3-D. In the Middle Ages, paintings didn't look realistic. The people in them looked flat, like a king or a queen on a playing card. The buildings looked flat, too, like pieces of scenery in a play. But in the 1400s an artist named Filippo Brunelleschi figured out a way to make paintings appear to have depth. A person looking at a painting would be tricked into thinking it was something in real space. For instance, figures close-up had to be much bigger than figures that were supposed to be far away. This is called painting in perspective. A painter needed math to measure out the correct spaces for figures on the wood panels.

孩提时代，列奥纳多就学会了阅读和写作。 他还会简单的数学。但这对他来说还不够。 他想了解一切。 他上不了大学。 但他可以自学。 于是他开始购买和收集书籍。 他一生都在做这件事。 艺术家们需要数学来使绘画看起来是三维的。 在中世纪，绘画看起来并不真实。 里面的人看起来很平，就像扑克牌上的国王或王后。 这些建筑看起来也很平，就像戏剧中的场景。 但在15世纪，一位名叫菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基的艺术家发现了一种使绘画看起来有深度的方法。 一个人看着一幅画会被欺骗，以为它是真实空间中的东西。 例如，特写的人物必须比远处的人物大得多。 这被称为透视绘画。 画家需要用数学计算出木板上人物的正确空间。

THE REBIRTH THE FRENCH WORD RENAISSANCE MEANS "REBIRTH." IT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO ONE OF THE MOST EXCITING PERIODS IN HISTORY. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE EXACT DATES. BUT THE RENAISSANCE LASTED FROM THE EARLY OR MIDDLE 1400S TO AROUND 1600.

重生法语单词文艺复兴的意思是重生 这是历史上最激动人心的时期之一。 要给出确切的日期是不可能的。 但文艺复兴从15世纪早期或中期持续到1600年左右。