3 Apartheid

Chapter 3 Apartheid Most white people in South Africa were descended from either British or Dutch settlers. The Dutch South Africans were called Afrikaners. They formed their own political party, the National Party, also called "the Nats." In 1948, when Nelson was twenty-nine years old, the Nats won control of the government by a slim margin.

南非的大多数白人不是英国人就是荷兰人的后裔。 荷属南非人被称为阿非利卡人。 他们成立了自己的政党，国家党，也被称为“国民党”。 1948年，纳尔逊29岁，国民党以微弱优势赢得了政府的控制权。

The Nats believed black people were inferior to whites. According to the Nats' laws of apartheid, everyone had to be labeled by their race: white, black, colored (people who were mixed race), and Indians (South Asians who had come to South Africa from India). If there was any doubt as to a person's race, tests were given, like having a pencil poked into their hair. If the pencil stuck, they were colored and not white. Marriage between races became illegal. Buses and schools were separated by race. Many of these laws already reflected the way people were living, but once they became official law, it was going to be much harder for anything to change for black South

美国人认为黑人不如白人。 根据南非的种族隔离法律，每个人都必须按种族划分：白人、黑人、有色人种（混血儿）和印度人（从印度来到南非的南亚人）。 如果对一个人的种族有任何疑问，就会进行测试，就像用铅笔戳他们的头发一样。 如果铅笔卡住了，它们是彩色的，而不是白色的。 种族间的通婚变得非法。 公共汽车和学校按种族分开。 这些法律中的许多已经反映了人们的生活方式，但一旦它们成为官方法律，对南方黑人来说，任何改变都将变得更加困难

Africans. Most black South Africans lived outside city borders in neighborhoods called townships. The townships were crowded. The houses were often simple shacks with no electricity or indoor plumbing. Black workers left the townships to work for white people in the city during the day, and then were forced to return to the townships at night. SEGREGATION IN THE UNITED STATES JIM CROW LAWS WERE ENFORCED IN MUCH OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH FROM 1877 TO THE MID-1960S. THESE LOCAL AND STATE LAWS KEPT BLACK PEOPLE AND WHITE PEOPLE SEPARATE. IN MANY WAYS, THESE LAWS WERE NOT SO DIFFERENT FROM APARTHEID. UNDER JIM CROW LAWS, BLACK AMERICANS COULD NOT SIT ON BENCHES RESERVED FOR WHITE PEOPLE, ATTEND

非洲人。大多数南非黑人居住在城市边界以外的被称为乡镇的社区。 城镇拥挤不堪。 这些房子通常是简陋的棚屋，没有电，也没有室内管道。 黑人工人白天离开乡镇到城里为白人工作，晚上又被迫返回乡镇。 从1877年到20世纪60年代中期，吉姆·克劳法在美国南部大部分地区实行种族隔离。 这些地方和州法律将黑人和白人分开。 在许多方面，这些法律与种族隔离并无太大不同。 根据吉姆·克劳法，美国黑人不能坐在为白人保留的长凳上

WHITE SCHOOLS, OR EVEN DRINK FROM WHITE WATER FOUNTAINS. ALSO, BLACK PEOPLE WERE EXPECTED TO ACT A CERTAIN WAY AROUND WHITE PEOPLE. A BLACK PERSON WAS FORBIDDEN FROM SHAKING HANDS WITH A WHITE PERSON. BLACK PEOPLE HAD TO ADDRESS WHITES FORMALLY, EITHER "MISTER" AND "MISS" OR "SIR" AND "MA'AM," WHILE WHITE PEOPLE CALLED BLACKS ONLY BY THEIR FIRST NAMES. ON THE ROAD, WHITE DRIVERS EVEN HAD THE RIGHT-OF-WAY AT ALL INTERSECTIONS! When Nelson Mandela and his friends learned that the Nats had won the election, they were stunned. For years the Nats had preached about the "swart gevaar," or "black danger," and white superiority.

白人学校，甚至从白人喷泉喝水。 此外，黑人被期望在白人周围以某种方式行事。 黑人被禁止与白人握手。 黑人必须正式地称呼白人，要么是“先生”和“小姐”，要么是“先生”和“女士”，而白人只称呼黑人的名字。 在路上，白人司机甚至在所有的十字路口都有通行权！当纳尔逊·曼德拉和他的朋友们得知国民赢得了选举时，他们惊呆了。 多年来，美国人一直鼓吹“黑人危险”和白人优越。

Nelson realized he could never work within the government as he had hoped. He and the rest of the Youth League would have to fight back through protests and acts of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience means peacefully breaking laws to show that the laws are unfair. In 1950 the white government made all protests, peaceful or not, illegal. Nelson was becoming known as a protest leader— in other words, a troublemaker. He was living up to the name he'd been born with, Tree Shaker. He and Oliver Tambo, whom he had first met at Fort Hare, opened a black law firm—the first in Johannesburg— and they represented poor black defendants in court. Their clients were accused of all sorts of crimes. It was a crime to walk through a door marked for white people. It was a crime to be unemployed and a crime to be employed at the wrong place. Nelson also represented people who had been evicted from their homes because their neighborhoods had been declared white areas. Nelson was a powerful figure in the courtroom, arguing for civil rights. He had a natural authority. But as he spent more and more time fighting for his

纳尔逊意识到，他永远不可能像他所希望的那样在政府内部工作。 他和青年联盟的其他成员将不得不通过抗议和公民不服从的行为进行反击。 公民不服从意味着和平地违反法律，表明法律是不公平的。 1950年，白人政府宣布所有的抗议活动，无论和平与否，都是非法的。 纳尔逊以抗议领袖而闻名，换句话说，他是个麻烦制造者。 他是名副其实的，摇树者。 他和在黑尔堡相识的奥利弗·坦博（Oliver Tambo）开了一家黑人律师事务所——这是约翰内斯堡的第一家——他们在法庭上代理贫穷的黑人被告。 他们的客户被指控犯下各种罪行。 走进一个为白人而设的门是一种犯罪行为。 失业是犯罪，在错误的地方工作也是犯罪。 纳尔逊还代表了那些被赶出家园的人，因为他们的社区被宣布为白人地区。 纳尔逊在法庭上是一个强有力的人物，为民权辩护。 他有天生的权威。 但当他花越来越多的时间为自己的

clients, he saw less and less of his family. When he came to the hospital to see his newborn son, Makgatho, his five-year-old son, Thembi, asked, "Where does Daddy live?"

客户，他见家人的次数越来越少。 当他来到医院看他刚出生的儿子Makgatho时，他五岁的儿子Thembi问：“爸爸住在哪里？”