45 The Deep Green Forest

The Deep green Forest by Tisha Hamilton Table of Contents Introduction page 2 Chapter 1 Old Growth Forests page 6 Chapter 2 New Growth Forests page 8 Chapter 3 Forest Friends page 10 Chapter 4 Forest Enemies. page 12 Conclusion page 14 Glossary/ Index page 15 Comprehension Check page 16

蒂莎·汉密尔顿《深绿森林》目录第二页引言第一章老森林第六页第二章新森林第八页第三章森林之友第十页第四章森林之敌。 第12页结论页14术语表/索引页15理解检查页16

Introduction What is a forest? A forest is a wooded area, a place where many trees grow. Forests are found on every continent except Antarctica. No two forests are the same. The contents of each forest depends on the climate where it is found. Forests are found in many places, and each forest is different. A forest can be damp or dry. It may be several centuries Old, or as young as a few days. Its trees may keep their leaves or they may drop their leaves. A forest may be composed of one kind of tree. More often it is made up of many different kinds of trees. Forests are all different from each other. In one way, though, they are all alike. All forests are shady Little sun can reach beneath the canopy of tall trees. This shade limits what can grow on the ground around the trees.

什么是森林? 森林是一个树木繁茂的地区，一个许多树木生长的地方。 除南极洲外，各大洲都有森林。 没有两片森林是相同的。 每一片森林的内容取决于它所在地区的气候。 森林在很多地方都有，每个森林都是不同的。 森林可以潮湿也可以干燥。 它可能有几个世纪的历史，也可能只有几天的历史。 它的树可能会保留叶子，也可能会落叶。 森林可以由一种树组成。 更多时候，它是由许多不同种类的树木组成的。 森林各不相同。 然而，在某种程度上，他们都是相似的。 所有的森林都是阴的，太阳也照不到大树的树冠下。 这种阴影限制了树木周围地面上的植物生长。

There are two main kinds of forest trees. Coniferous trees have needle-like leaves and they produce cones. Deciduous trees have broad, flat leaves and they lose their leaves in winter. A forest is more than a home for trees. It is also a home to other plants and animals. Animals nest in the forest's trees. They eat the fruit, nuts, twigs, and leaves. Plants grow in the soft compost beneath the trees. Trees provide a good home for raccoons. Did You Know... Small organisms also live on the forest floor. Some are so small you cannot see them with your naked eye. Tiny microorganisms have been munching on this dead leaf. That is why it looks so lacy. Deciduous trees grow new leaves in the spring. These leaves are green in the summer. They change color in the autumn. By winter they have fallen off.

森林里的树木主要有两种。 针叶树有针状的叶子，它们产生球果。 落叶树的叶子又宽又平，在冬天落叶。 森林不仅仅是树木的家园。 它也是其他植物和动物的家园。 动物在森林的树上筑巢。 它们吃水果、坚果、树枝和树叶。 植物生长在树下柔软的堆肥中。 树木为浣熊提供了一个很好的家。 你知道吗?小型生物也生活在森林的地面上。 有些小到用肉眼都看不见。 微小的微生物一直在咀嚼这片枯叶。 这就是它看起来如此蕾丝的原因。 落叶树在春天长新叶。 这些树叶在夏天是绿色的。 它们在秋天变色。 到了冬天，它们就脱落了。

CHAPTER 1 Old Growth Forests An old growth forest is exactly what it sounds like. It is a forest that has been growing for a long time, a hundred years or more. It has many old trees with trunks that are thick and tall. You may have heard of California's mighty redwood forests. They are a good example of old growth. Giant Redwoods Redwoods are the fastest-growing conifers in North America. They live a long time. An average redwood lives for about six centuries, but some have survived for over 2,000 years. It's hard to believe this enormous redwood tree grew from a seed about the size of a freckle. Tree Rings If you ever see a tree trunk that has been cut, look for a series of rings. Each ring shows one year of the tree's life. That is how scientists can tell how old a tree is. Think about counting the rings on a giant redwood! More than just old trees grow in old forests. In every forest you will find trees at different stages of growth. Tiny white seedlings sprout from seeds on the soft forest floor. Their small size shouldn't fool you. The tallest tree started out as a seed. The thickest tree trunk had a spindly beginning as a seedling.

第一章古老的森林古老的森林正如它的名字一样。 这是一片生长了很长时间的森林，一百年或更久。 它有许多老树，树干又粗又高。 你可能听说过加州巨大的红杉林。 他们是老生长的好例子。 红杉是北美生长最快的针叶树。 他们活得很长。红杉的平均寿命约为6个世纪，但有些红杉可以存活2000多年。 很难相信这棵巨大的红杉树是从一个雀斑大小的种子长出来的。 如果你看到一棵被砍断的树干，寻找一系列的年轮。 每个年轮代表了树的一年。 这就是科学家们如何判断一棵树的年龄。 想想数一棵巨大的红杉上的戒指吧!不仅仅是老树长在老森林里。 在每一片森林里，你都会发现处于不同生长阶段的树木。 在柔软的森林地面上，小小的白色幼苗从种子中发芽。 它们的小尺寸骗不了你。 最高的树最初是一颗种子。 最粗的树干在幼苗时期也有一个细长的开端。

CHAPTER 2 New Growth Forests How can a single tree create a forest? Like all plants, every tree produces seeds. Its seeds fall on the ground. Rain waters the seeds. The leaves or needles that fall from the tree add nutrients to the soil. They also protect the tiny seedlings. How a Seed Becomes a Tree Trees grow in two directions, up and down. The seed sends a root down into the soil. At the same time, it sends a shoot up toward the sun. The root helps the infant tree stay in place. Otherwise it might blow away. The root also gathers water to feed the tree. The shoot helps the tree get energy from the sun. This is how a tree grows. A stem grows into a plant with tiny leaves called a seedling. The seedling grows into a tree. When the new trees are mature, they will produce seeds too. The cycle of growth will begin again. More trees will start growing in the neighborhood of the first tree. Soon there will be a forest.

第二章新林一棵树如何能形成一片森林? 像所有的植物一样，每棵树都会结出种子。 它的种子落在地上。 雨水滋润了种子。从树上掉下来的叶子或针叶为土壤增加养分。 它们也保护着细小的幼苗。 种子如何长成树树有两个方向生长，向上和向下。 种子把根扎进土壤里。 同时，它向太阳发射一颗子弹。 树根帮助幼树保持原位。 否则它可能会被吹走。 树根也会收集水分来喂养树。 嫩枝帮助树从太阳获得能量。 树就是这样生长的。茎长成一种植物，长出叫做幼苗的小叶子。 幼苗长成了树。 当新树成熟时，它们也会产生种子。 增长周期将再次开始。 更多的树将在第一棵树的附近开始生长。 很快就会有一片森林。