22 A2+ on the move

CHAPTER 1 Nomads UNTIL 10,000 YEARS AGO, ALL PEOPLE ON EARTH WERE NOMADS. TODAY, THERE ARE VERY FEW LEFT. Today, many people on Earth can get food easily. They can buy it at supermarkets, on street corners, in local stores, from vending machines, and even online. Or they can grow it themselves! But not everyone on Earth can get or grow food that easily. Some people live in remote places or places with very bad weather. To find food to live, they have to be nomads. Today, there are very few nomads. Until 10,000 years ago, however, most people on Earth were hunter- gatherers. Hunter-gatherers move around to find food to eat. During warm weather they stay in one place. They gather fruits and vegetables and hunt wild animals. When the weather becomes colder, they move to warmer places to find more food.

直到一万年前，地球上所有的人都是游牧民族。 如今，已经所剩无几了。 今天，地球上的许多人可以很容易地获得食物。 他们可以在超市、街角、当地商店、自动售货机甚至网上买到。 或者他们可以自己种植！但并不是地球上的每个人都能那么容易地获得或种植食物。 有些人住在偏远的地方或天气非常恶劣的地方。 为了寻找食物生存，他们不得不成为游牧民族。 如今，游牧民已经很少了。 然而，直到一万年前，地球上的大多数人都是狩猎采集者。 狩猎采集者四处走动寻找食物。 在温暖的天气里，他们呆在一个地方。 他们采集水果和蔬菜，捕猎野生动物。 当天气变冷时，它们会搬到温暖的地方寻找更多的食物。

Pastoral nomads are another kind of nomadic group. Pastoral nomads don't hunt animals. They have livestock. They drink the milk and eat the meat of these animals, and they use the skin for making clothes and building shelters. Pastoral nomads move around, too, but not as much as hunter-gatherers. These groups move their livestock to different pastures within the area where they live. Some pastoral nomads have a different pasture for each season: spring, summer, winter, and fall. Other pastoral nomads have a pasture for a wet, or rainy, season and a pasture for a dry season. Pastoral nomads have lived on Earth for a long time— perhaps for as long as 5,000 years!

游牧民族是另一种游牧民族。 游牧民族不捕猎动物。 他们有牲畜。他们喝这些动物的奶，吃这些动物的肉，他们用这些动物的皮做衣服和建造庇护所。 游牧民族也四处走动，但没有狩猎采集者那么频繁。 这些群体将他们的牲畜转移到他们居住地区的不同牧场。 一些游牧民族每个季节都有不同的牧场：春、夏、冬、秋。 其他游牧民族在雨季或雨季有一个牧场，在旱季有一个牧场。 游牧民族在地球上生活了很长时间——也许长达5000年！

CHAPTER 2 The San THE SAN OF THE KALAHARI ARE NOMADIC PEOPLE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. The San were the first people to live in the southern part of Africa 20,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers. They hunted wild animals with bows and arrows and picked wild fruits and vegetables. The San lived completely off the land. They followed the same path every year to find food. They knew where the best fruits were in each season. They also knew where the antelope went as the seasons changed. Today, there are many fewer San, but they try to live the same life as they did many years ago.

喀拉哈里沙漠的桑人是非洲南部的游牧民族。 桑人是2万年前第一批生活在非洲南部的人。 他们是狩猎采集者。 他们用弓箭猎捕野兽，采摘野果和野菜。 桑人完全不依赖土地生活。 它们每年都沿着同一条路寻找食物。 他们知道每个季节最好的水果在哪里。 他们还知道随着季节的变化羚羊会去哪里。 今天，桑人少了很多，但他们试图过着和许多年前一样的生活。

The San travel in small groups of about 25 men, women, and children. A few times every year, these groups meet with each other to share news, give presents, and plan marriages. The San do not have one leader. If there is a problem, or if the group has to decide something, they all decide together. Everyone can share his or her ideas or opinions with the group. The San recognize that they can learn from each other's special experiences. For example, one person in the group may be the best hunter, while another is very good at helping sick people. But no one person has any more power than the others in the group. Usually it's the men who do the hunting. They hunt in groups and catch antelope, zebras, lions, and snakes, which they cook on a fire. The man who kills the animal gives out the meat to the other people in the group.

桑族人以大约25个男人、女人和孩子为小组旅行。 每年，这些团体都会见面几次，分享新闻，赠送礼物，计划婚礼。 桑族人没有一个领袖。 如果有问题，或者团队需要做决定，他们会一起决定。 每个人都可以与小组分享他或她的想法或意见。 桑族人认识到他们可以从彼此的特殊经历中学习。 例如，小组中的一个人可能是最好的猎人，而另一个人很擅长帮助生病的人。 但在这个群体中，没有人比其他人拥有更多的权力。 通常是男人来打猎。 他们成群狩猎，捕捉羚羊、斑马、狮子和蛇，然后把它们放在火上烤熟。 杀死动物的人把肉分给了群体中的其他人。

When a San boy wants to get married, he hunts a large animal, for example an antelope. Then he takes the best meat to the girl's family and asks her parents if he can marry her. A boy can't get married until he shows that he is a good hunter. The women usually gather fruits, vegetables, eggs, and wild honey. San women know over 100 kinds of edible plants. They also know which plants you should never eat! Sometimes, however, men and women need to help each other with their jobs. So, the women help with the hunting, and the men help with the gathering. In the dry season, it is difficult for the San to find water. Sometimes they have to look for water in the roots of plants. Other times, they dig holes in the sand to look for water.

当一个桑男孩想要结婚时，他会猎杀一只大型动物，比如羚羊。 然后他把最好的肉带到女孩的家里，问她的父母他是否可以娶她。 一个男孩只有在证明自己是个好猎手之后才能结婚。 妇女们通常采集水果、蔬菜、鸡蛋和野蜂蜜。 三妇女知道100多种可食用植物。 它们也知道你不应该吃哪些植物！然而，有时候男人和女人需要在工作上互相帮助。 所以，女人帮忙打猎，男人帮忙采集。 在旱季，桑族人很难找到水。 有时它们不得不在植物的根部寻找水分。 其他时候，他们在沙子上挖洞寻找水。

For thousands of years, the San lived in peace with the land and each other. Then two thousand years ago, other groups, pastoral nomads and farmers, moved into their area. There was less land for the San. Then about 350 years ago, white people came to live in southern Africa. They had horses and guns. They killed many of the San and stole their land. Today there are about 100,000 San, but their way of life is in danger. They have less and less land. Many people study them because the San still live very much like the first people on Earth. Some people around the world want to help the San to keep their land and their traditions. They want the San to live the same way they have lived for many thousands of years.

几千年来，桑人与大地和平相处，彼此和睦相处。 两千年前，其他群体，游牧民族和农民，进入了他们的地区。 桑人的土地更少了。 大约350年前，白人来到非洲南部生活。 他们有马和枪。他们杀死了许多桑人，偷走了他们的土地。 今天大约有10万桑人，但他们的生活方式正处于危险之中。 他们拥有的土地越来越少。 许多人研究他们，因为桑人的生活方式与地球上最早的人类非常相似。 世界上有些人想帮助桑族人保留他们的土地和传统。 他们希望桑族人能像他们几千年来一样生活。