11 A2 the science of heat

CHAPTER 1 It's Too Hot! PUT ON SOME SHORTS AND AT-SHIRT. TURN ON THE AIR CONDITIONING. THIS BOOK IS GOING TO MAKE YOU FEEL HOT! "Good morning everyone, you are listening to XYZ radio. And now the weather. It's going to be a very hot day today, with temperatures of 38 Celsius. Lots of sun and no clouds." Are you happy when you hear this because you love the heat? Or are you unhappy because you hate the heat? The dictionary says that "hot" means having a high temperature. But what does that tell us? Two people are sitting in a room together. One of them is sweating and wants to open the windows. The other is happily reading a book and loves the temperature. Different people feel comfortable at different temperatures. But why?

第一章太热了！穿上短裤和t恤。 打开空调。 这本书会让你感到热！“大家早上好，您正在收听的是XYZ电台。 现在是天气。今天将是非常热的一天，气温将达到38摄氏度。 阳光明媚，没有云。” 听到这些你高兴吗，因为你喜欢这里的热？ 还是因为你讨厌炎热而不开心？ 字典上说hot的意思是温度很高。 但这告诉我们什么呢？ 两个人一起坐在一个房间里。 其中一个在出汗，想打开窗户。 另一个正在愉快地读书，喜欢这里的温度。 不同的人在不同的温度下感觉舒服。 但是为什么呢?

Well, sometimes your body can make a difference. People who are heavy usually don't like the heat as much as people who are thin. A person's age is also important. Older people usually have more problems when it is hot. They don't sweat as easily or as much as young people. Do men's bodies adapt to the heat better than women's? Yes, men sweat more than women, so they are better at keeping their body temperatures normal when it is hot.

嗯，有时候你的身体可以起作用。 胖的人通常不像瘦的人那样喜欢炎热。 一个人的年龄也很重要。 天热的时候，老年人通常会有更多的问题。 他们不像年轻人那样容易出汗。 男人的身体比女人更能适应高温吗？ 是的，男人比女人出汗多，所以他们在天气热的时候更能保持体温正常。

CHAPTER 2 Hot Places MANY PLACES IN THE WORLD ARE SO HOT AND DRY IT IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE THERE. Deserts The biggest and perhaps the most famous desert in the world is the Sahara, in Africa. It is about as big as the USA! If you look at a picture of this desert, you might think you are looking at a very big beach. In places like the Sahara, and other hot deserts, there are a lot of sand dunes (some as high as 180 meters) and rocks. There isn't much water in deserts because it doesn't rain much. When it does rain, it often rains very hard, but only for a short time. Because of the hot, dry air, the water quickly evaporates.

世界上许多地方又热又干，人们几乎不可能在那里生活。 世界上最大的，也许也是最著名的沙漠是非洲的撒哈拉沙漠。 它大约和美国一样大！如果你看这片沙漠的照片，你可能会认为你看到的是一个非常大的海滩。 在撒哈拉沙漠和其他炎热的沙漠中，有很多沙丘（有些高达180米）和岩石。 沙漠里没有多少水，因为雨水不多。 当下雨时，通常下得很大，但只持续很短的时间。 由于空气又热又干，水很快就蒸发了。

The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world, but is it the hottest? Not everyone agrees which is the hottest place in the world. It is difficult to say. Do we mean the highest ever temperature in one day? Or the highest temperature during a year? Or over many years? Let's look at some of the world's hot places. One day in 2008, the Turpan Basin in China had a temperature of 66.8C in the shade! In 2003, the shade temperature in a part of Queensland, Australia, was 69.3C. Think about living in the Lut Desert of Iran. A thermometer there showed a shade temperature of 70.7C in 2005. Nobody could live very long in that temperature! Volcanoes If you think the Lut Desert is hot, what about deep inside the Earth? Scientists say the temperature there is about 7,000C! This is so hot that the rock is not hard, it is a boiling liquid called magma.

撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠，但它是最热的吗？ 不是每个人都同意哪个地方是世界上最热的地方。 这很难说。我们指的是一天内最高的温度吗？ 或者一年中最高的温度是多少？ 还是很多年？让我们来看看世界上一些最热的地方。 2008年的一天，中国吐鲁番盆地阴凉处的温度达到了66.8摄氏度！2003年，澳大利亚昆士兰州部分地区的阴凉处温度为69.3摄氏度。 想想生活在伊朗的卢特沙漠。 那里的温度计显示，2005年阴凉处的温度为70.7摄氏度。 没有人能在那样的温度下活很久！如果你认为卢特沙漠很热，那么地球深处呢？ 科学家说那里的温度大约是7000摄氏度！由于温度太高，岩石并不坚硬，而是一种沸腾的液体，叫做岩浆。

Volcanoes are mountains that have a lot of magma below them. There are about 1,500 volcanoes in different countries around the world and there are many more under the sea. Sometimes, the magma below a volcano becomes even hotter and moves towards the top. Suddenly, the top of the volcano breaks open, and thousands of kilograms of boiling magma and ash fly up into the air. This is called a volcanic eruption. Eruptions can be very dangerous. In 1883, a volcano on the island of Krakatoa, in Indonesia, erupted. Almost all of the island fell into the sea and 40,000 people lost their lives. People heard the sound of the eruption thousands of kilometers away.

火山是山下有大量岩浆的山脉。 世界上大约有1500座火山分布在不同的国家，还有更多的火山位于海底。 有时，火山下面的岩浆变得更热，并向顶部移动。 突然，火山顶部裂开，数千公斤沸腾的岩浆和火山灰飞向空中。 这被称为火山喷发。 火山喷发可能非常危险。 1883年，印度尼西亚喀拉喀托岛上的一座火山爆发了。 几乎整个岛屿都沉入大海，4万人丧生。 几千公里外的人们都听到了火山喷发的声音。

Mount Vesuvius, in Italy, has erupted many times in the past, most famously in 79 CE when it destroyed the city of Pompeii. In 2011, an underwater volcano erupted near Japan. A tsunami followed minutes after this and killed thousands of people. So it's really hot deep inside the Earth, but it's much hotter in another place. When you are sitting on a beach and the temperature is 38C, do you sometimes think about how hot it is on the Sun? The heat from the Sun travels 150 million kilometers to get to you. In the center of the Sun, it is an amazing 15,000,000C. Now that is hot!

意大利的维苏威火山过去曾多次喷发，最著名的一次是在公元79年，当时它摧毁了庞贝城。 2011年，一座水下火山在日本附近喷发。 几分钟后发生海啸，造成数千人死亡。 所以地球深处非常热，但另一个地方要热得多。 当你坐在沙滩上，气温是38摄氏度时，你有时会想太阳上有多热吗？ 来自太阳的热量经过1.5亿公里到达你这里。 在太阳的中心，温度高达惊人的1500万摄氏度。 好热啊！