7 Eat Up

CHAPTER 1 Hunger WHY DO WE EAT? DO WE EAT TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE? Sometimes, when your stomach is empty, it makes noises! It's telling you that your body needs food. It needs energy! Some foods give you a lot of energy; others don't. The number of calories in a food shows how much energy the food gives. An adult man needs about 2,500 calories a day, an adult woman about 2,000, and young children about 1,000 to 1,400. Many people eat too much: three big meals a day and lots of snacks, too. They feel hungry when their stomach is not empty. Their bodies don't need food, but they want to eat. These people are sometimes overweight. Some adults and children don't walk or play outside very often. Many children stay inside the house and watch television and play games on the computer all day. This is very bad for their health. If you eat too much and you don't use enough energy, you can become obese. Today in the United States there are about 100 million obese adults and 23 million obese children. Obese people eat too much food. Other people don't eat enough food because they're poor. Sometimes, these people starve. This is a problem in poor countries but also for poor people in rich countries.

第一章饥饿我们为什么要吃东西？ 我们吃得太多还是太少？ 有时候，当你的胃是空的，它会发出声音！它在告诉你，你的身体需要食物。 它需要能量！有些食物给你很多能量；别人不喜欢。 一种食物的卡路里数表明了这种食物能提供多少能量。 成年男子每天大约需要2500卡路里，成年妇女大约需要2000卡路里，幼儿大约需要1000到1400卡路里。 许多人吃得太多：一日三餐和很多零食。 当他们的胃不是空的时候，他们会感到饿。 他们的身体不需要食物，但他们想吃东西。 这些人有时超重。 一些成年人和孩子不经常在外面散步或玩耍。 许多孩子整天呆在家里看电视和玩电脑游戏。 这对他们的健康非常不利。 如果你吃得太多而没有消耗足够的能量，你就会变得肥胖。 今天在美国大约有1亿肥胖成年人和2300万肥胖儿童。 肥胖的人吃得太多。 还有一些人吃不饱，因为他们穷。 有时候，这些人会饿死。 这不仅是穷国的问题，也是富国穷人的问题。

CHAPTER 2 Breaking Bread BREAD IS A VERY OLD FOOD. EATING BREAD WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY IS A VERY OLD TRADITION, TOO. About 5,000 years ago, people in Egypt made bread with flour and water. They cooked the bread in the sun. When Egyptians traveled, they took bread with them. Other people learned to make it also. Bread became an important food in many places. It is an old tradition to share bread and other food with friends. This tradition is called "breaking bread." The word companion (another word for "friend") tells us about this tradition. Com is an old word for "with" and panis is an old word for "bread." So a companion is a "person with bread," a friend. In every country, family meals are an important tradition. But today people are often busy, and they cannot always eat with their family. Many years ago, the big meal of the day in France was lunch. But today many people are at work or at school at lunchtime. So now, many French families have a small lunch and a big dinner. They often sit down at about 8:00 p.m. to eat and talk for an hour or two. In Spain, many stores and businesses close for lunch so that families can eat a big lunch together. Then they eat a small dinner very late, at about 9:00 p.m.!

面包是一种很古老的食物。 与朋友和家人一起吃面包也是一个非常古老的传统。 大约5000年前，埃及人用面粉和水制作面包。 他们在太阳下烤面包。 当埃及人旅行的时候，他们随身带着面包。 其他人也学会了做。 面包在许多地方成为一种重要的食物。 与朋友分享面包和其他食物是一个古老的传统。 这个传统被称为“掰面包”。 “同伴”这个词（“朋友”的另一种说法）告诉我们这个传统。 Com是“with”的旧词，panis是“bread”的旧词。 所以同伴是“有面包的人”，是朋友。 在每个国家，家庭聚餐都是一个重要的传统。 但是现在人们经常很忙，他们不能总是和家人一起吃饭。 许多年前，法国人一天的大餐是午餐。 但是现在很多人在午餐时间都在上班或上学。 所以现在，许多法国家庭午餐吃得少，晚餐吃得多。 他们通常在晚上8点左右坐下。 边吃边聊一两个小时。 在西班牙，许多商店和企业在午餐时间关门，这样家人就可以一起吃一顿丰盛的午餐。 然后他们很晚才吃一顿小晚餐，大约在晚上9点！

In some countries, there are traditional times for snacks. In England and Ireland, people traditionally ate a snack between breakfast and lunch called elevenses. At 11 a.m. some people still stop working and have tea with bread or cake. In Spanish, "eleven" is once. In Chile, there is a snack called once. People eat bread, cold meats, and cake. They drink tea or coffee and visit with friends. But people in Chile don't have their once at 11:00 in the morning. They have it around 5:00 in the afternoon! In the past, many families worked on farms. On holidays and at harvest time, they had feasts. Today, fewer families work on farms, but there are still traditional harvest feasts, like Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada. Samhain, or Halloween, was a harvest feast in Ireland and Scotland. Today, children enjoy Halloween in many countries on the last night of October. In the evening, children wear funny clothes and go to people's houses and ask for candy. Now, Halloween is the children's feast of candy!

在一些国家，有吃零食的传统时间。 在英格兰和爱尔兰，人们传统上在早餐和午餐之间吃一种叫做“早午餐”的小吃。 上午11点，一些人仍然停止工作，喝茶，吃面包或蛋糕。 在西班牙语中，“十一”是一次。 在智利，有一种小吃叫once。 人们吃面包、冷肉和蛋糕。 他们喝茶或咖啡，拜访朋友。 但智利人不会在早上11点做爱。 他们在下午5点左右开！过去，许多家庭在农场工作。 在节日和收获季节，他们举行宴会。 今天，在农场工作的家庭越来越少，但仍然有传统的丰收盛宴，比如美国和加拿大的感恩节。 万圣节是爱尔兰和苏格兰庆祝丰收的节日。 今天，在许多国家，孩子们在十月的最后一个晚上过万圣节。 晚上，孩子们穿着滑稽的衣服，到人们的家里要糖果。 现在，万圣节是孩子们的糖果盛宴！

CHAPTER 3 When We Eat, and When We Don't SOMETIMES WE FEAST, AND AT OTHER TIMES WE FAST. FASTING IS AN IMPORTANT TRADITION IN MANY CULTURES. People of all cultures like eating together and they love having feasts. But sometimes people choose not to eat. When people stop eating, we say they are fasting. Most people sleep at night. They don't eat at this time, so they are fasting. In the morning, people break, or stop, their fast and have the first meal of the day— breakfast! A long time ago, people fasted at the end of winter. At the end of winter, there was not much food. People ate very little and waited for the plants of summer. At the end of the summer, they harvested the plants. When it is the month of Ramadan, Muslim people do not eat or drink in the day. They fast because they are thankful to have food, and also it helps them remember poor people with no food. It makes them want to help these people. Other people fast at Lent, a special time at the end of winter. They stop eating meat and fish and other foods they like. But before Lent, there is a feast and a party— Carnival! For a week, people eat, drink, dance, and sing!

当我们吃的时候，当我们不吃的时候，有时我们盛宴，有时我们禁食。 禁食在许多文化中都是一个重要的传统。 各种文化的人都喜欢在一起吃饭，他们喜欢举办宴会。 但有时人们选择不吃。 当人们停止进食时，我们说他们在禁食。 大多数人晚上睡觉。 他们在这个时候不吃东西，所以他们禁食。 在早晨，人们打破或停止他们的禁食，吃一天的第一餐——早餐！很久以前，人们在冬天结束时禁食。 冬天结束时，没有多少食物。 人们吃得很少，等待着夏天的植物。 夏末，他们收割了植物。 在斋月期间，穆斯林在白天不吃不喝。 他们禁食，因为他们感谢有食物，也帮助他们记住穷人没有食物。 这让他们想要帮助这些人。 其他人在四旬斋斋戒，这是冬天结束时的一个特殊时间。 他们停止吃肉、鱼和其他他们喜欢的食物。 但在大斋节之前，有一个盛宴和派对-嘉年华！整整一个星期，人们吃、喝、跳舞、唱歌！

Some American Indians fast to have visions. When a young man is ready for a vision, he goes to a place with no people. The young man must not eat any food or drink any water until he sees a vision. He may have to wait many days before he sees the vision. Sometimes the vision is an animal. The animal teaches the young man important things for a good life. Sometimes, however, these young men starve before they see a vision. But they think a vision is very important, so they choose to try to see one. Some people think that a slim body is beautiful and attractive, so they go on a diet. They don't eat so many calories as usual. But some young people want to be slim very quickly. They don't eat enough; they fast or starve. Fasting can be dangerous for young people. Sometimes young men and women get very sick and die because they fast too much. This is a health problem called anorexia nervosa. Many people think young people should enjoy their bodies as they are. They say it's important to have a healthy body, not a slim body, because a healthy body is a beautiful body.

一些美洲印第安人禁食以获得幻象。 少年人预备见异象的时候，就往无人之地去。 少年人不可吃东西，也不可喝水，等他看见异象。 他可能要等很多天才能看到异象。 有时幻象是动物。 这只动物教会了年轻人过美好生活的重要知识。 然而，有时候，这些年轻人在看到愿景之前就饿死了。 但他们认为愿景是非常重要的，所以他们选择尝试去看到一个。 有些人认为苗条的身体是美丽和有吸引力的，所以他们去节食。 他们不像平时那样吃那么多卡路里。 但是有些年轻人想要很快变瘦。 他们吃得不够；他们要么绝食，要么饿死。 禁食对年轻人来说可能很危险。 有时年轻的男女会因为禁食太多而生病甚至死亡。 这是一种叫做神经性厌食症的健康问题。 许多人认为年轻人应该享受自己的身体。 他们说拥有健康的身体而不是苗条的身体很重要，因为健康的身体才是美丽的身体。

CHAPTER 4 Food And Culture TRADITIONAL FOOD OFTEN COMES FROM THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS NEAR US. Food is a traditional part of culture. Many years ago people found, cooked, and ate food together. People ate the animals and plants in the places they lived. Some American Indians ate buffalo meat because many buffalo lived near them. They had a feast with the meat of the buffalo. They shared the meat with every person in the group. They put parts of the meat in the sun to dry the meat. They ate this dried meat in winter. They made clothes, homes, and other things from parts of the animal. Today, we eat food from many different places in the world. But we don't always like the traditional foods from other cultures. One traditional food is insects. There are many places in the world where people eat different kinds of insects. In Oaxaca, Mexico, there are many grasshoppers. People enjoy eating them. First, they cook the grasshoppers. Then they put salt and other things on the cooked grasshoppers. The people in Oaxaca say that grasshoppers have a very good taste. They also think grasshoppers are very good for their health.

食物和文化传统的食物通常来自我们附近的植物和动物。 食物是文化的传统组成部分。 许多年前，人们一起寻找、烹饪和食用食物。 人们在他们居住的地方吃动物和植物。 一些美洲印第安人吃水牛肉，因为他们附近住着许多水牛。 他们用野牛肉吃了一顿大餐。 他们把肉分给了小组里的每个人。 他们把一部分肉放在太阳下晒干。 他们在冬天吃这种干肉。 他们用动物的身体部位制作衣服、房屋和其他东西。 今天，我们吃的食物来自世界上许多不同的地方。 但是我们并不总是喜欢来自其他文化的传统食物。 一种传统食物是昆虫。 世界上有许多地方的人们吃不同种类的昆虫。 在墨西哥的瓦哈卡，有很多蚱蜢。 人们喜欢吃它们。首先，他们煮蚱蜢。 然后他们把盐和其他东西放在煮熟的蚱蜢上。 瓦哈卡的人们说蚱蜢的味道很好。 他们还认为蚱蜢对他们的健康很有好处。