46 L5-Materials To Products

Oxford Read and Discover level 5 Materials To Products by Alex Raynham

《牛津阅读与发现》Alex Raynham的5级《从材料到产品》

Introduction Products are things that people make or use, like this book, your clothes, and the television in your home. People make products from different materials, like wood, metal, and plastic. What products can you see here? What products can you see around you? What materials are they made of? Discover! Now read and discover more about the materials that people use to make products!

产品是人们制造或使用的东西，比如这本书、你的衣服和你家里的电视。 人们用不同的材料制造产品，如木材、金属和塑料。 你在这里能看到什么产品? 你能在你周围看到什么产品? 它们是用什么材料做的? 发现!现在阅读和发现更多关于人们用来制造产品的材料!

Chapter 1 The First Materials A very long time ago, people didn't build homes. They slept in forests and caves, hunted animals, and collected fruit. They also made things from materials that they found around them. What did they make, and what materials did they use? Flint and Fur People made the first tools from a stone called flint. They used the flints in their hands or they fixed them to pieces of wood or animal bones. People used flint tools to cut wood and to hunt animals. In cold countries, they used animal fur to make clothes and shoes. Wood and Plants People used wood and plants to make shelters simple places to sleep in. They cut wood from trees to make the shape of the shelter. Then they used other plants to make the roof and the walls. Some people still make homes like this today. People used grass to make threads. They pushed threads over and under other threads to make clothes and beds. This is called weaving. They also made baskets by weaving thin sticks. Baskets are great for carrying food and catching fish. Discover! People make lots of things from grass and sticks, like this basket boat from Vietnam.

第一章最初的材料很久以前，人们不建造房屋。 他们睡在森林和洞穴里，捕猎动物，采集水果。 他们也用周围发现的材料制作东西。 他们做了什么，用了什么材料? 人们用一种叫做燧石的石头制造了第一批工具。 他们用手中的燧石，或者把它们固定在木头或动物的骨头上。 人们用燧石工具砍木头和打猎。 在寒冷的国家，他们用动物皮毛做衣服和鞋子。 木头和植物人们用木头和植物来做庇护所——简单的睡觉的地方。 他们从树上砍下木头做成庇护所的形状。 然后他们用其他植物来做屋顶和墙壁。 有些人今天还在建造这样的房子。 人们用草织线。 他们把线在其他线的上面和下面推来推去做衣服和床。 这叫做编织。他们还用细木棍编织篮子。 篮子是装食物和抓鱼的好工具。 发现!人们用草和树枝做很多东西，比如这个来自越南的篮子船。

Clay About 10,000 years ago, people mixed sand and grass with a type of soil called clay to make a material called adobe. They put the adobe into molds and left it to dry. Adobe becomes very hard in the sun. People used adobe bricks to build the first houses. In many hot countries, people still build adobe houses today. People also learned how to make shapes from clay. They put the clay shapes into a fire to make pottery. Pottery can hold water so it's great for cooking and keeping food. Bronze and Iron Some rocks have metals in them. About 8,500 years ago, people discovered how to use a process called smelting to get metals out of rocks. The first metals, like gold, were very soft. Then people mixed two metals together to make a hard metal called bronze. They used bronze to make tools and weapons. Later, they used another metal called iron. Stone About 5,000 years ago, people started to live in big towns. They built stone walls around their towns. They also used stone to make buildings like temples and palaces. Stone is waterproof, and much stronger than adobe. Discover! The Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt is about 4,500 years old. To build it, people used about 5 million metric tons of stone.

大约一万年前，人们把沙子、草和一种叫做粘土的土壤混合在一起，制成一种叫做土坯的材料。 他们把土坯放进模子里，任其风干。 土坯在阳光下变得非常坚硬。 人们用土坯砖建造第一批房子。 在许多炎热的国家，人们今天仍然建造土坯房。 人们还学会了如何用粘土制作形状。 他们把粘土形状放入火中制作陶器。 陶器可以盛水，所以很适合烹饪和保存食物。 青铜和铁有些岩石含有金属。 大约8500年前，人们发现了如何使用一种叫做熔炼的方法从岩石中提取金属。 最初的金属，比如黄金，非常柔软。 然后人们把两种金属混合在一起制成一种叫做青铜的硬金属。 他们用青铜制造工具和武器。 后来，他们使用了另一种叫做铁的金属。 大约五千年前，人们开始住在大城市里。 他们在城镇周围筑起石墙。 他们还用石头建造寺庙和宫殿之类的建筑。 石头是防水的，而且比土坯坚固得多。 发现!埃及吉萨的大金字塔大约有4500年的历史。 为了建造它，人们使用了大约500万吨石头。

Chapter 2 Rocks and Minerals The ground is made of rocks. In rocks there are chemicals called minerals that make the rocks different colors. What do people use rocks and minerals for? Stone Stone comes from rocks. About 600 years ago, the Inca people built their cities from stone. They used triangles of wood called wedges to break rocks into huge pieces of stone. Hundreds of people used long, round pieces of wood to move the stone. Discover! To build the Inca city of Sacsahuaman, people moved huge pieces of stone to the top of a hill. Some pieces were more than 50 metric tons! Gems For thousands of years people have collected pretty stones called gems. Gems are minerals, and they can be many different colors— rubies are red, and emeralds are green. Some gems, like diamonds, are transparent they don't have any color. The prettiest gems are very expensive. People make beautiful jewelry from gems and metals. In the past, artists used some gems to make colors for paints. Crystals Some gems, like diamonds, are also crystals. Crystals are made of stones that always have a regular shape. Some crystals are transparent. Some are very big, like these huge crystals in Mexico.

第二章岩石和矿物地面是由岩石构成的。 岩石中有一种叫做矿物质的化学物质，它使岩石呈现不同的颜色。 人们用岩石和矿物做什么? 石头来自岩石。 大约600年前，印加人用石头建造城市。 他们用一种叫做楔子的三角形木头把岩石敲成大块的石头。 数百人使用长而圆的木块来移动石头。 发现!为了建造印加的萨克森瓦曼城，人们把大块的石头搬到了山顶。 有些碎片重达50多吨!几千年来，人们收集被称为宝石的漂亮石头。 宝石是矿物，它们可以是许多不同的颜色——红宝石是红色的，祖母绿是绿色的。 有些宝石，比如钻石，是透明的，没有任何颜色。 最漂亮的宝石都很贵。 人们用宝石和金属制作美丽的珠宝。 过去，艺术家们用一些宝石来制作颜料的颜色。 有些宝石，如钻石，也是晶体。 晶体是由具有规则形状的石头构成的。 有些晶体是透明的。 有些非常大，就像墨西哥的这些巨大的水晶。