21 L3-Super Structures

Oxford Read and Discover level 3 Super Structures by Fiona Undrill

牛津阅读和发现3级超级建筑由Fiona Undrill

Introduction A structure is something made with many parts, like a house, a school, or a bridge. It can be made of different materials like bricks, concrete, glass, wood, or metal. A super structure is very big, very long, or very tall. What structures can you see here? How many parts can you see? What are the structures made of? What other structures can you think of? Discover! Now read and discover more about super structures!

结构是由许多部分组成的东西，比如房子、学校或桥梁。 它可以由不同的材料制成，如砖、混凝土、玻璃、木材或金属。 超级建筑是指非常大、非常长或非常高。 你在这里能看到什么结构? 你能看到多少部分? 这些结构是由什么构成的? 你还能想到其他的结构吗? 发现!现在阅读和发现更多关于超级结构!

Chapter 1 Tunnels Tunnels go underwater, underground, or through the ground. We use tunnels for mines, trains, and road traffic, or to carry things like gas or water. Tunnels are usually made of metal and concrete. One of the longest tunnels in the world is the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. It's nearly 54 kilometers long! It goes between two islands. It was built because it's too dangerous to travel by boat. The tunnel is for trains, but now many people prefer to travel by plane. One of the longest road tunnels is the Laerdal Tunnel in Norway. The tunnel is nearly 25 kilometers long and it goes through a mountain. It was built because there's too much snow on the mountain roads in winter. Discover! In the tunnel there are three big caves where drivers can stop and rest.

第一章隧道隧道在水下、地下或穿过地面。 我们使用隧道来采矿、火车和道路交通，或者运输天然气或水。 隧道通常由金属和混凝土构成。 世界上最长的隧道之一是日本的清关隧道。 它将近54公里长!它在两个岛屿之间。 修建它是因为乘船太危险了。 隧道是为火车而建的，但现在许多人更喜欢乘飞机旅行。 最长的公路隧道之一是挪威的莱尔达尔隧道。 这条隧道长近25公里，穿过一座山。 修建它是因为冬天山路上的雪太多了。 发现!隧道里有三个大洞，司机可以在那里停下来休息。

Chapter 2 Bridges Bridges go over water or overground. On a beam bridge, the pillars carry the deck. One of the longest beam bridges is the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the USA. This bridge is about 38 kilometers long and it has over 9,000 concrete pillars. It goes over water and carries road traffic. On a suspension bridge, the cables and towers carry the deck. The anchorages hold the cables. Suspension bridges move a little when it's windy. This isn't usually a problem, but in 1940 the Tacoma Bridge in the USA collapsed in light winds. It was only four months old.

桥在水上或地上。 在梁桥上，柱子支撑着桥面。 最长的梁桥之一是美国的庞恰特雷恩湖堤道。 这座桥长约38公里，有9000多根混凝土柱子。 它在水上通行，也承载着道路交通。 在悬索桥上，缆索和塔架支撑着桥面。 锚地固定电缆。 有风的时候吊桥会移动一点。 这通常不是一个问题，但在1940年，美国的塔科马大桥在微风中倒塌了。 它只有四个月大。

Chapter 3 Skyscrapers When there isn't much ground, we can build tall buildings. Very tall buildings are called skyscrapers. The first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building. It was built in Chicago in the USA in 1885. It was 42 meters tall. The tallest skyscrapers are now much taller than this. The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia are the tallest twin buildings. There is a bridge between the two towers called a skybridge. One of the tallest skyscrapers is the Burj Dubai'. It's in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. It's 818 meters tall— that's nearly a kilometer! It's made of a special, strong concrete called reinforced concrete. The Burj Dubai has apartments, shops, swimming pools, hotels, restaurants, and a library. It's like a very tall town! Do you like it? Discover! The concrete in the Burj Dubai weighs the same as about 100,000 elephants!

当土地不多的时候，我们可以建造高楼大厦。 非常高的建筑被称为摩天大楼。 第一座摩天大楼是家庭保险大厦。 它于1885年在美国芝加哥建成。 它有42米高。现在最高的摩天大楼比这高得多。 马来西亚吉隆坡的双子塔是最高的双子建筑。 两座塔之间有一座桥，叫做天桥。 最高的摩天大楼之一是迪拜塔。 它在阿拉伯联合酋长国的迪拜。 它有818米高，差不多有一公里!它是由一种叫做钢筋混凝土的特殊而坚固的混凝土制成的。 迪拜塔有公寓、商店、游泳池、酒店、餐馆和图书馆。 它就像一个很高的城镇!你喜欢吗? 发现!迪拜塔的混凝土重量相当于10万头大象!