96 Curious Marie Curie-High

Curious Marie Curie FOCUS Question How did Marie Curie expand our understanding of atoms and radiation?

好奇的居里夫人焦点问题居里夫人是如何扩展我们对原子和辐射的理解的?

Radiation All Around Ah... summertime! Swimming has made you chilly, so you let the sunlight warm you from head to toe. The Sun is extremely distant, yet your skin tingles with heat energy. What's the secret? The warmth you feel is due to radiation. Radiation is the movement of energy from one place to another. Solar radiation is light energy from the Sun, which converts to heat energy when it hits your skin, making you feel warm and tingly. But you don't have to travel into space to find other sources of radiation, because everything on Earth gives off some radiant energy. In fact, some of these sources radiate enough energy to power entire cities.

辐射无处不在啊… 夏季!游泳让你感到寒冷，所以你让阳光从头到脚温暖你。 太阳非常遥远，但你的皮肤会因热能而刺痛。 秘诀是什么?你感到的温暖是由于辐射。 辐射是能量从一个地方到另一个地方的运动。 太阳辐射是来自太阳的光能，当它照射到你的皮肤时，会转化为热能，使你感到温暖和刺痛。 但你不必去太空寻找其他辐射源，因为地球上的所有东西都会发出辐射能。 事实上，其中一些能源辐射出的能量足以为整个城市供电。

Nuclear power plants use the radiant energy found in atoms of uranium— a natural element found in the ground. This power is called nuclear because the energy comes from the atom's core, or nucleus. Uranium has the potential to produce about two million times as much energy as oil or coal. In 1897, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium releases energy. However, another remarkable scientist, named Marie Curie, figured out how it gives off energy. She would completely change our understanding of atoms. She even discovered two new elements along the way. Do You Know? An atom of uranium can quickly release an enormous amount of energy and radiation. Some countries have used this power to create nuclear weapons.

核电站使用铀原子中的辐射能，铀原子是一种在地下发现的自然元素。 这种能量被称为核，因为能量来自原子的核心或原子核。 铀的潜在产量是石油或煤炭的200万倍。 1897年，法国物理学家安托万·亨利·贝克勒尔发现铀释放能量。 然而，另一位杰出的科学家，名叫玛丽·居里，发现了它是如何释放能量的。 她会彻底改变我们对原子的理解。 在这个过程中，她甚至发现了两个新元素。 你知道吗?一个铀原子可以迅速释放出巨大的能量和辐射。 一些国家利用这种能力制造核武器。

Curious Marie Born in Poland in 1867, Maria Sklodowska loved science. Although most girls were not allowed to attend school at that time, her parents made sure Maria was educated. Maria's dream was to study science at Sorbonne University in Paris, France. It took hard work and patience to save enough money to go to France. Maria moved to Paris in 1891, changing her name to Marie to fit in. Even though she didn't speak French when she arrived, she graduated from Sorbonne at the top of her class in 1893. Still eager to learn, she continued her education. In 1903, she became the first woman in Europe to earn a Ph.D.— but her science honors had only just begun.

Maria Sklodowska于1867年出生于波兰，她热爱科学。 尽管当时大多数女孩都不允许上学，但她的父母确保玛丽亚能接受教育。 玛丽亚的梦想是在法国巴黎的索邦大学学习科学。 要攒够钱去法国需要努力工作和耐心。 玛丽亚于1891年搬到巴黎，为了适应这里，她把名字改成了玛丽。 尽管她刚来的时候不会说法语，但1893年她以全班第一名的成绩从索邦大学毕业。 她仍然渴望学习，继续她的教育。 1903年，她成为欧洲第一位获得博士学位的女性——但她的科学荣誉才刚刚开始。

Atoms and Energy Marie began working with a physicist named Pierre Curie. They fell in love and married in 1895. Two years later, Becquerel discovered that uranium emits energy. Marie decided to figure out the mystery of how uranium worked. Uranium is found in ore— natural minerals in the ground. Marie learned that when greater amounts of uranium were present, an ore sample radiated more energy. Marie suggested that the energy must come from inside the uranium atoms themselves. If so, this would mean that atoms must have smaller parts inside that somehow emit, or give off, energy. No one had thought of this before, so her hypothesis alone was big science news!

原子与能量玛丽开始与一位名叫皮埃尔·居里的物理学家合作。 他们相恋并于1895年结婚。 两年后，贝克勒尔发现铀能发射能量。 玛丽决定弄清楚铀的工作原理。 铀矿是在地下的天然矿物中发现的。 玛丽了解到，铀含量越高，矿石样品辐射出的能量就越多。 玛丽认为能量一定来自铀原子内部。 如果是这样，这就意味着原子内部一定有更小的部分，以某种方式发射或释放能量。 以前没有人想到过这一点，所以她的假设本身就是重大的科学新闻!

New Elements Next, Curie separated the uranium from the ore. Surprisingly, she noticed that the ore was still releasing energy. She suggested that new elements within the ore could also radiate energy. Marie and Pierre used several tons of ore to collect enough of the new elements to study them. After four years of hard work, Marie named two new elements, radium and polonium. Both elements emit far more energy than uranium. Radium is one million times more active than uranium! Marie named this newfound form of energy radioactivity. Marie and Pierre shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for their study of radiation. Marie also won the 1911 Nobel Prize for her discovery of radium and polonium. Do You Know? A woman winning a Nobel Prize was unheard of in 1903. In fact, Pierre Curie alone was first offered the Nobel, but he refused to accept if he could not share the prize with Marie. Still, only Pierre was allowed to deliver the acceptance speech.

接下来，居里夫人从矿石中分离出铀。 令人惊讶的是，她注意到矿石仍在释放能量。 她认为矿石中的新元素也能辐射能量。 玛丽和皮埃尔用了好几吨矿石来收集足够的新元素来研究它们。 经过四年的努力，玛丽命名了两种新元素，镭和钋。 这两种元素释放的能量都比铀多得多。 镭的活性是铀的一百万倍!玛丽把这种新发现的能量命名为放射性。 玛丽和皮埃尔因他们对辐射的研究而共同获得1903年诺贝尔奖。 玛丽还因发现镭和钋而获得了1911年的诺贝尔奖。 你知道吗?女性获得诺贝尔奖在1903年是闻所未闻的。 事实上，皮埃尔·居里是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的人，但如果他不能与玛丽分享这个奖，他就拒绝接受。 尽管如此，只有皮埃尔被允许发表获奖感言。