94 The Chemistry of Art-Mid

The Chemistry of Art FOCUS Question How do the properties of matter help people create different forms of art?

艺术的化学焦点问题物质的性质如何帮助人们创造不同形式的艺术?

There's Chemistry in Art From flat cave paintings to huge modern sculptures, visual art comes in many different forms. How do artists make art? The answer is chemistry. Early artists used the physical properties of rocks and minerals to paint on cave walls. Modern artists often use chemical reactions to create art. A chemical reaction changes a substance into something different. Let's look at some of the ways artists use chemistry to create art.

从平坦的洞穴绘画到巨大的现代雕塑，视觉艺术有许多不同的形式。 艺术家是如何创作艺术的?答案是化学。 早期的艺术家利用岩石和矿物的物理特性在洞穴墙壁上作画。 现代艺术家经常使用化学反应来创作艺术。 化学反应使一种物质变成另一种物质。 让我们来看看艺术家们使用化学来创造艺术的一些方式。

Earliest Colors By grinding soft rocks into colored powder, early humans made pigments. The colors of the pigments depended on the minerals in the rocks and the elements in the minerals. Ochre (OH-kur) was the first natural material people used as a pigment. Iron gives ochre a red or yellow color. White came from calcium in gypsum. Black came from animal bones, wood, or plants that were charred in a fire. The number of colors grew as people found new minerals.

早期的人类把软石头磨成彩色粉末，制成颜料。 颜料的颜色取决于岩石中的矿物和矿物中的元素。 赭石(OH-kur)是人们用作颜料的第一种天然材料。 铁使赭石呈现红色或黄色。 白色来自石膏中的钙。 黑色来自于动物骨头、木头或被火烧焦的植物。 随着人们发现新矿物，颜色的数量也在增加。

Paint Sticks Around Paint is another way artists create art. Early artists experimented with substances called binders. The atoms in a binder hold the atoms in the pigment together. They also help glue the pigment to a surface. Animal fat, oil, and eggs are types of binders. The type of surface also affects how well paint sticks. When paint touches a surface, atoms in the paint bind to atoms in the material. Wood is rough, so it has a lot of surface area. Paint binds well to it. Canvas is not quite as rough, but paints bind to it, too. Plastic is smooth, so paint does not easily stick to it.

油漆是艺术家创作艺术的另一种方式。 早期的艺术家尝试使用一种叫做粘合剂的物质。 粘合剂中的原子把颜料中的原子固定在一起。 它们还有助于将颜料粘在表面上。 动物脂肪、油和蛋都是粘合剂的类型。 表面的类型也会影响油漆的粘稠度。 当涂料接触表面时，涂料中的原子就会与材料中的原子结合。 木头很粗糙，所以它有很大的表面积。 油漆能很好地与它结合。帆布没有那么粗糙，但颜料也会附着在上面。 塑料很光滑，所以油漆不容易粘在上面。

Clay Clay is a special type of natural material made up of minerals with atoms that are stacked in layers Between the layers. of clay are water molecules Clay can be air-dried. Some water molecules. escape during drying The layers of mineral atoms move closer together, and the clay shrinks a little. This is a physical change. But if it gets wet, the clay will break apart. Firing the clay in a hot kiln creates a chemical reaction and prevents breaking. At 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,832ºF), nearly all the water molecules are removed from the clay. At 1,200ºC (2,192ºF) and higher, all the water is gone. What's left is a strong grid of tightly packed mineral atoms. If it gets wet, the clay will not break apart. Creating Clay Pottery Step 1: The clay pottery is shaped on a pottery wheel and allowed to air-dry. Step 2: The clay pottery is fired in a kiln at very high temperatures. Step 3: The clay pottery is done. Water will not damage it now.

粘土是一种特殊的天然材料，由层与层之间层叠的原子组成。 粘土是水分子粘土可以风干。 一些水分子。矿物原子层靠得更近了，粘土收缩了一点。 这是一种物理变化。 但如果弄湿了，粘土就会破裂。 在高温的窑中烧制粘土会产生化学反应，防止破裂。 在1000摄氏度(1832ºF)时，粘土中几乎所有的水分子都被除去了。 在1200ºC(2192ºF)或更高的温度下，所有的水都消失了。 剩下的是由紧密排列的矿物原子组成的坚固网格。 如果弄湿了，粘土就不会破碎。 制作粘土陶器第一步:将粘土陶器放在陶轮上定型，然后风干。 第二步:粘土陶器在高温下在窑中烧制。 第三步:陶土制作完成。 现在水不会损坏它了。

Glass Have you ever walked through a garden of colorful glass creations? These beautiful objects of art started out as a type of sand called silica. The elements silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) join together in a grid to form silica sand. Turning sand into glass requires an extremely hot furnace. Silica sand melts at about 1,600°C (2,912°F). At this high temperature, the silicon and oxygen atoms move apart in a chemical reaction. The solid sand transforms into a thick gooey (or viscous) liquid. Inside, the atoms are no longer in an orderly grid, so the molten glass can flow. Once the silica sand is liquid, a glassblower can form it into any shape. Do You Know? Adding different elements to melted silica can change its color. Copper makes it green cobalt makes it blue, and sulfur makes it yellow.

你有没有走过一个由彩色玻璃制成的花园? 这些美丽的艺术品最初是一种叫做二氧化硅的沙子。 硅(Si)和氧(O)元素在网格中结合在一起形成硅砂。 把沙子变成玻璃需要一个非常热的熔炉。 硅砂在1600°C(2912°F)熔化。 在这样的高温下，硅原子和氧原子在化学反应中分离。 固体沙子变成了粘稠的(或粘性的)液体。 在内部，原子不再是有序的网格，所以熔融玻璃可以流动。 一旦硅砂变成液体，吹玻璃机就可以把它吹成任何形状。 你知道吗?在熔化的二氧化硅中加入不同的元素可以改变它的颜色。 铜使它变绿，钴使它变蓝，硫使它变黄。