86 Light and Art-Mid

Light and Art FOCUS Question How do artists use light to create works of art?

光与艺术焦点问题艺术家如何利用光来创作艺术作品?

Color and Light Imagine you are outside on a sunny day painting a scene on a white canvas. Sunlight contains all the wavelengths of color in the visible light spectrum. When sunlight hits your blank canvas, the canvas reflects all the wavelengths to your eyes, and you see white. Each color of paint reflects and absorbs only certain wavelengths of sunlight. Blue paint reflects blue light but absorbs all the other wavelengths of light, so you see blue. Red paint reflects red light. Black paint reflects none of the wavelengths— it absorbs them all. Now imagine the Sun setting. There is less light, and your canvas appears gray and shadowy. Without any light, you would not be able to see the colors, the canvas, or anything at all.

色彩和光线想象一下，在一个阳光明媚的日子里，你在户外，在白色的画布上描绘一个场景。 阳光包含了可见光光谱中所有波长的颜色。 当阳光照射在你的空白画布上时，画布将所有波长的光线反射到你的眼睛，你看到的是白色。 每种颜色的油漆只反射和吸收一定波长的阳光。 蓝色涂料反射蓝光，但吸收所有其他波长的光，所以你看到的是蓝色。 红色涂料反射红光。 黑色涂料不反射任何波长，而是全部吸收。 现在想象一下太阳下山。 光线变少了，你的画布看起来灰蒙蒙的。 没有任何光线，你就无法看到颜色、画布或任何东西。

Depth and Shadow Artists understand the relationship between light and color, and for centuries have used that knowledge to create incredibly realistic paintings. They add black or white paint to other colors of paint to give the illusion of depth. Using a slightly darker shade next to a brighter one makes it seem as if there's a shadow. Brightening a color by adding white makes it stand out and seem closer to the viewer. The seventeenth-century Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer was famous for his skill at using light and shadow. So, too, was Rembrandt, another Dutch artist from that time. Both created extraordinary works of art that showed scenes just as they would appear in real life.

深度和阴影艺术家了解光和颜色之间的关系，几个世纪以来，他们利用这一知识创作出令人难以置信的逼真画作。 他们把黑色或白色的油漆加到其他颜色的油漆上，给人一种深度的错觉。 在一个明亮的阴影旁边使用一个稍微暗一点的阴影会让它看起来好像有一个阴影。 通过添加白色来提亮一种颜色可以使它更突出，看起来更接近观众。 17世纪荷兰艺术家约翰内斯·维米尔(Johannes Vermeer)以运用光影的技巧而闻名。 当时的另一位荷兰艺术家伦勃朗也是如此。 两人都创作了非凡的艺术作品，这些作品展现的场景就像现实生活中的场景一样。

Artistic Trickery Some artists create illusions simply by placing certain colors next to each other. Take a look at the picture of the butterflies. One butterfly looks orange, while the other looks yellow. Yet they are actually the same color! Our perception of how the butterflies look is affected by the colors in the background. The interactions between those colors trick our brain into seeing colors differently than they actually are. Color placement and the shape of objects in an image can also create a sense of motion. This happens because our brain perceives light colors faster than dark colors.

一些艺术家仅仅通过将某些颜色放在一起来制造幻觉。 看这张蝴蝶的照片。 一只蝴蝶看起来是橙色的，而另一只看起来是黄色的。 然而它们实际上是一样的颜色!我们对蝴蝶外观的感知受到背景颜色的影响。 这些颜色之间的相互作用欺骗了我们的大脑，使我们看到的颜色与实际不同。 图像中的颜色放置和物体的形状也可以创造一种运动感。 这是因为我们的大脑感知浅色比深色更快。

Shadow Art Purposefully blocking light to create shadows is another way to make unique art. Three-dimensional objects have a characteristic known as opacity, which is an object's tendency to obstruct light. Material that has no opacity is transparent— light shines right through. Clear glass and plastic are transparent. Some materials let some, but not all, light shine through. These materials are translucent. Window curtains and pond water are translucent. Artists use this characteristic to create stained-glass windows. Think About It The skylight at the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Spain, is one of the most famous stained- glass windows in the world. Is the skylight transparent, translucent, or opaque?

故意遮挡光线来创造阴影是另一种独特的艺术方式。 三维物体有一个被称为不透明度的特征，这是一个物体阻挡光线的倾向。 没有不透明度的材料是透明的——光线可以穿透。 透明的玻璃和塑料是透明的。 有些材料能让部分(但不是全部)光线穿透。 这些材料是半透明的。 窗帘和池水都是半透明的。 艺术家们利用这一特点来创作彩色玻璃窗。 想想看在帕劳德拉Música加泰罗尼亚在巴塞罗那，西班牙，是世界上最著名的彩色玻璃窗之一。 天窗是透明的、半透明的还是不透明的?

Many solid three-dimensional objects block all light. They are opaque. A wooden desk, a book, and a boulder are all opaque. Artists use this characteristic to create shadow art. Shadow portraits, also called silhouettes, are a simple way to create impressive outlines of a person's profile. To create a silhouette, a person sits between a vertical sheet of heavy paper and a light source. The light source shines on the person. Because light does not pass through the person, a shadow is created on the paper. The artist traces the shadow onto the paper, then cuts it out and traces it onto dark paper. The outline is cut out again and placed in a frame. Silhouettes were very popular during the 1600s and 1700s. Photography had not yet been developed for wide use, and purchasing a painted portrait was quite expensive. Modern artists have taken shadow art to a whole new level.

许多立体物体挡住了所有光线。 它们是不透明的。一张木桌、一本书和一块巨石都是不透明的。 艺术家们利用这一特点来创作皮影艺术。 影子肖像，也被称为剪影，是一种简单的方法来创建一个人的侧面令人印象深刻的轮廓。 为了创造一个剪影，一个人坐在一张垂直的厚纸和光源之间。 光源照在人身上。 因为光线没有穿过人，所以在纸上就产生了阴影。 艺术家在纸上画出阴影，然后把它剪下来，画在深色的纸上。 轮廓再次被切割出来，并放置在一个框架中。 剪影在十七世纪和十八世纪非常流行。 那时摄影术还没有发展到广泛应用的程度，购买一幅肖像画是相当昂贵的。 现代艺术家将皮影艺术提升到了一个全新的高度。