77 Before the Gas Pump-Mid

Before the Gas Pump FOCUS Question How does gasoline get to the gas pump?

油泵之前焦点问题汽油是如何到达油泵的?

Fill It Up! Imagine you're driving to school with your family. You're running late, but you have to stop at a gas station first— the car is almost out of gas! You're not alone. Most cars, trucks, and motorcycles run on gas, which is short for gasoline. These vehicles have an internal combustion engine that burns gasoline to produce energy. Gasoline is a liquid made from petroleum, which is also called crude oil. Petroleum is a natural liquid found under Earth's surface that people use to manufacture many products. This makes petroleum a natural resource— something occurring in nature that people find valuable. Just how does gasoline get from inside Earth to your local gas pump? Read on to find out.

加满!想象一下你和家人开车去学校。 你要迟到了，但你得先在加油站停一下——车快没油了!你并不孤单。 大多数汽车、卡车和摩托车靠汽油行驶，汽油是汽油的简称。 这些汽车有一个燃烧汽油产生能量的内燃机。 汽油是由石油制成的液体，石油也被称为原油。 石油是在地球表面下发现的一种天然液体，人们用它来制造许多产品。 这使得石油成为一种自然资源，一种人们认为有价值的自然资源。 汽油是如何从地球内部到达当地加油站的呢? 往下读吧。

From Organisms to Oil Believe it or not, the Sun is the original source of the energy in gasoline. Light energy from the Sun was trapped long ago by plankton— tiny organisms that live in Earth's oceans. Phytoplankton absorb sunlight to make food, as plants do. Zooplankton take in energy when they eat phytoplankton. Plankton and other organisms store energy in their bodies. As these organisms died millions of years ago, their bodies fell to the ocean floor. Over time, layers of sand and mud covered and buried them deep underground. Natural processes inside Earth changed the sand and mud into rocks and the organisms' remains into liquid crude oil and a gas. called natural gas The oil and gas slowly moved up toward Earth's surface through small spaces in the rocks. When they reached rock layers they couldn't pass through, they formed underground pockets called reservoirs. The natural gas rose to sit on top of the denser petroleum. Word Wise Gasoline is called gas even though it's a liquid! Don't confuse it with natural gas, an actual gas that forms below Earth's surface, often alongside the crude oil used to produce gasoline.

不管你信不信，太阳是汽油中能量的原始来源。 来自太阳的光能很久以前就被浮游生物(生活在地球海洋中的微小生物)捕获了。 浮游植物像植物一样吸收阳光来制造食物。 浮游动物在吃浮游植物时吸收能量。 浮游生物和其他生物在体内储存能量。 随着这些生物在数百万年前死亡，它们的尸体沉入海底。 随着时间的推移，一层层的沙子和泥浆覆盖并将它们深埋在地下。 地球内部的自然过程将沙子和泥土变成了岩石，生物体的遗骸变成了液态原油和气体。 石油和天然气通过岩石中的小空间慢慢地向上移动到地球表面。 当它们到达无法穿过的岩层时，就形成了地下口袋，称为水库。 天然气上升到密度更大的石油之上。 汽油被称为气体，尽管它是液体!不要把它和天然气混淆，天然气是一种形成于地球表面以下的实际气体，通常与用于生产汽油的原油一起形成。

Petroleum, natural gas, and other energy resources made from them are called fossil fuels. A fuel is a material burned to get energy. Like fossils, these fuels come from organisms that lived long ago, but fossil fuels are not made up of actual fossils. Extreme heat and pressure completely transformed the organisms' remains as they became fossil fuels. FORMATION OF PETROLEUM 1. Tiny ocean organisms trap and store the Sun's energy. They die and sink to the ocean floor. 2. Over time, the remains become deeply buried under layers of sand and mud. 3. Heat and pressure change the sand and mud into rock and the remains into petroleum and natural gas. 4. Petroleum and natural gas rise and become trapped below a rock layer they can't pass through, forming a reservoir.

石油、天然气和其他由它们制成的能源被称为化石燃料。 燃料是一种燃烧以获得能量的物质。 像化石一样，这些燃料来自生活在很久以前的生物，但化石燃料不是由真正的化石组成的。 极端的高温和压力完全改变了生物体的遗骸，因为它们变成了化石燃料。 石油的形成微小的海洋生物捕获并储存太阳的能量。 他们死后沉入海底。 2. 随着时间的推移，遗骸被深埋在沙子和泥浆层之下。 3.热和压力使沙子和泥浆变成岩石，而残留物变成石油和天然气。 4. 石油和天然气上升并被困在它们无法通过的岩层之下，形成一个储层。

Up from Below Petroleum reservoirs occur under dry land and oceans. To reach reservoirs, oil companies drill deep below the surface to rock layers that contain them. Reservoirs are more likely to form in certain places, such as a layer of sandstone below a layer of shale that oil can't pass through. To find the most likely locations for reservoirs, geologists study how sound waves travel underground and bounce off rocks. After geologists locate a possible reservoir, workers use an oil rig to drill narrow holes called wells in the ground. They build large platforms to drill wells in the ocean floor. If a well strikes oil, they use pumps to bring the oil and natural gas to the surface. Do You Know? People in China were drilling oil wells hundreds of meters underground more than 1,600 years ago! They used bamboo pipes to remove the oil from the ground and burned it for heat.

石油储藏在陆地和海洋下面。 为了开采储层，石油公司要在地表以下深层钻到包含储层的岩层。 储层更有可能在某些地方形成，比如石油无法通过的页岩层下面的砂岩层。 为了找到最可能的储层位置，地质学家研究声波在地下传播和从岩石上反弹的方式。 在地质学家找到可能的储层后，工人们使用石油钻机在地面上钻出称为井的窄洞。 他们建造大型平台在海底钻井。 如果油井发现了石油，他们就用泵把石油和天然气抽到地面上。 你知道吗?早在1600多年前，中国人就在地下几百米的地方钻油井了!他们用竹管把地上的油抽走，然后燃烧取暖。

From Rig to Refinery Once removed from the ground, crude oil must get to a refinery to be made into gasoline and other products. But oil rigs are usually located in rural areas or in the ocean, and refineries are far away in cities. What's the solution? Oil companies use pipelines— huge systems of pipes under and above the ground— to move oil across great distances. The Friendship Pipeline is the longest in the world. It transports oil from eastern Russia all the way to Germany. This is a distance of about 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi.)! Sometimes oil is also carried across the ocean on large ships called tankers.

从钻井平台到炼油厂原油从地面开采出来后，必须被送到炼油厂加工成汽油和其他产品。 但石油钻井平台通常位于农村地区或海洋中，而炼油厂则位于遥远的城市。 解决方案是什么?石油公司使用管道——地下和地上的巨大管道系统——将石油输送到很远的地方。 友谊管道是世界上最长的。 它把石油从俄罗斯东部一路运到德国。 这段距离大约是4000公里(2500英里)!有时，石油也由一种叫做油轮的大船运送到大洋彼岸。