23 Sugar: Too Much of a Good Thing?-Mid

Sugar: Too Much of a Good Thing? FOCUS Question Is sugar healthy or unhealthy for your body?

糖:好东西太多了? 糖对你的身体是健康还是不健康?

Sugar Science Do you enjoy eating foods that taste sweet? Sugar is the compound that gives a lot of foods their sweet flavor. Sugar sometimes has a bad reputation but what makes it healthy or unhealthy? Let's find out! Sugar is a carbohydrate. All carbohydrates are made of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are full of energy and are found in many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and milk. Like proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, carbohydrates are essential for good health. Plants make sugar inside their cells using a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water, along with energy from the Sun, to produce sugar and oxygen.

你喜欢吃甜味的食物吗? 糖是一种化合物，使许多食物具有甜味。 糖有时名声不好，但是什么使它健康或不健康呢? 让我们一探究竟!糖是一种碳水化合物。 所有的碳水化合物都是由含有碳、氢和氧原子的分子组成的。 碳水化合物富含能量，存在于许多健康食品中，如水果、蔬菜和牛奶。 像蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质和水一样，碳水化合物对健康至关重要。 植物通过光合作用在细胞内制造糖。 在光合作用过程中，植物利用二氧化碳和水以及来自太阳的能量来产生糖和氧气。

The sugar made during photosynthesis is called glucose, and plants use it as food. Inside plant cells, chemical reactions break down the glucose and release energy. Plants use this energy to live grow, and reproduce. But plants don't use all the glucose right away—they store some of it so they can use the energy later. Think about all the things you do on a regular day. Maybe you ride your bike to school, participate in a kickball game during recess, and read a book. You need energy for everything you do! The good news is that when you eat food from plants, you're getting stored energy from carbohydrates to keep you fueled throughout the day. Science in Your World The calorie is a unit that measures the amount of energy in food Food. that contains more energy also has more calories The number of calories you need depends on several things, including how active you are. One gram of carbohydrates contains four calories of energy.

在光合作用过程中产生的糖被称为葡萄糖，植物将其作为食物。 在植物细胞内，化学反应分解葡萄糖并释放能量。 植物利用这种能量来生存、生长和繁殖。 但是植物并不会马上消耗掉所有的葡萄糖——它们会储存一些以便以后使用。 想想你每天做的所有事情。 也许你骑自行车上学，在休息时参加一场足球比赛，或者读一本书。 你做任何事都需要能量!好消息是，当你吃植物性食物时，你会从碳水化合物中获得储存的能量，让你一整天都充满能量。 卡路里是衡量食物中所含能量的单位。 你需要的卡路里数量取决于几个因素，包括你的活动量。 一克碳水化合物含有四卡路里的能量。

Simple and Complex Sugar comes in many different forms Simple sugars, or simple carbohydrates, are made of only one or two sugar molecules. Our bodies can use simple sugars such as glucose quickly. Just as in plant cells, chemical reactions in a person's cells break down glucose and release energy. Complex carbohydrates are made of more than two sugar molecules linked together in a chain. Plants and animals often store glucose in the form of starch. To release the energy from starch, the body has to break it down into individual glucose molecules. When you eat foods that contain a lot of complex carbohydrates—such as potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn—your body breaks them down more slowly and gives you a steady supply of energy. TYPES OF SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES Simple Carbohydrate Composition Common Foods glucose 1 glucose molecule fruits, vegetables fructose 1 fructose molecule fruits, vegetables, honey galactose 1 galactose molecule milk, yogurt, ice cream sucrose 1 glucose molecule + 1 fructose molecule fruits, vegetables, added to many foods lactose 1 glucose molecule + 1 galactose molecule milk, yogurt, ice cream

单糖或简单碳水化合物仅由一两个糖分子组成。 我们的身体可以快速利用葡萄糖等单糖。 就像植物细胞一样，人体细胞中的化学反应会分解葡萄糖并释放能量。 复杂碳水化合物是由两个以上的糖分子组成的。 植物和动物通常以淀粉的形式储存葡萄糖。 为了从淀粉中释放能量，身体必须将其分解成单个的葡萄糖分子。 当你吃含有大量复杂碳水化合物的食物时，如土豆、大米、小麦和玉米，你的身体会更慢地分解它们，并为你提供稳定的能量供应。 简单碳水化合物的种类简单碳水化合物的组成常见食品葡萄糖1个葡萄糖分子水果，蔬菜果糖1个果糖分子水果，蔬菜蜂蜜半乳糖1个半乳糖分子牛奶，酸奶，冰淇淋蔗糖1个葡萄糖分子+ 1个果糖分子水果，蔬菜，添加到许多食品乳糖1个葡萄糖分子+ 1个半乳糖分子牛奶，酸奶，冰淇淋

Both simple and complex carbohydrates occur naturally in many foods, such as fruits vegetables, grains, and beans. When you eat these foods as part of a balanced diet, they give you the energy you need for all your daily activities. However, eating too much sugar can lead to health issues. Many foods and drinks such as cookies, candy, and soda, have simple carbohydrates added to them When you eat these foods, sugar is immediately released into your bloodstream. Your body may get more sugar than it needs and may save it as fat to use later. Many doctors say kids should take in less than 6 teaspoons (25 grams) of added sugar each day. Complex carbohydrates take longer to break down in your digestive system. Their sugar is absorbed into your bloodstream more slowly, so your body is less likely to be overloaded with sugar.

简单碳水化合物和复杂碳水化合物都天然存在于许多食物中，如水果、蔬菜、谷物和豆类。 当你把这些食物作为均衡饮食的一部分时，它们会给你所有日常活动所需的能量。 然而，吃太多糖会导致健康问题。 许多食物和饮料，如饼干、糖果和苏打水，都添加了简单的碳水化合物，当你吃这些食物时，糖会立即释放到你的血液中。 你的身体摄入的糖可能会超过所需，并将其储存为脂肪以供以后使用。 许多医生说，孩子每天应该摄入少于6茶匙(25克)的添加糖。 复杂的碳水化合物需要更长的时间才能在你的消化系统中分解。 它们的糖被血液吸收的速度更慢，所以你的身体不太可能含有过多的糖。

Sugar and Diabetes You've just finished lunch. What happens to the sugar in the food you ate? Once your body has digested the meal, glucose enters your bloodstream. An organ called the pancreas makes insulin, a chemical that allows your cells to take in glucose from the blood and use it for energy. Some people have diabetes (dye-uh-BEE-tees), a disease in which the pancreas can't make insulin or the insulin doesn't work properly. The cells can't absorb enough glucose from the blood, so they can't make enough energy. A high level of glucose stays in the blood and can damage blood vessels and organs. People with untreated diabetes are often hungry, thirsty, and tired, and need to use the bathroom more frequently. ROLES OF GLUCOSE AND INSULIN 1. You eat a meal Glucose enters your bloodstream. 2. Insulin in the blood acts like a key to "unlock" cells, allowing glucose to enter. 3. Glucose moves from the bloodstream into the cells. 4. Your cells use the glucose to make energy.

糖和糖尿病你刚吃完午餐。 你吃的食物中的糖会发生什么变化? 一旦你的身体消化了食物，葡萄糖就会进入你的血液。 一个叫做胰腺的器官会产生胰岛素，这种化学物质能让你的细胞从血液中吸收葡萄糖并将其用作能量。 有些人患有糖尿病，这是一种胰腺不能产生胰岛素或胰岛素不能正常工作的疾病。 细胞不能从血液中吸收足够的葡萄糖，所以它们不能产生足够的能量。 高水平的葡萄糖停留在血液中，会损害血管和器官。 未经治疗的糖尿病患者经常感到饥饿、口渴和疲劳，需要更频繁地上厕所。 葡萄糖和胰岛素的作用 葡萄糖进入你的血液。 2. 血液中的胰岛素就像一把“解锁”细胞的钥匙，让葡萄糖进入。 3.葡萄糖从血液进入细胞。 4. 你的细胞利用葡萄糖产生能量。