88 The Heat of Kilauea-Low

The Heat of Kilauea FOCUS Question What is the connection between volcanoes and heat energy?

基拉韦厄火山的热量焦点问题火山和热能之间的联系是什么?

Magma on the Move Deep inside Earth, it is so hot that rocks melt! The melted rock found beneath Earth's surface is called magma. On occasion, magma makes its way up to Earth's surface, where it can form mountains called volcanoes. Once magma reaches the air, it is called lava. In some volcanoes, lava spews out in a fountain of fire. At other times, it oozes like thick syrup. One well-known volcano is named Kilauea. This active volcano is still expanding in the Pacific Ocean and forms part of the state of Hawaii. In fact, it is part of the state's largest and newest island, also called Hawaii, or the Big Island. Word Wise The name Kilauea means "spewing" in the Hawaiian language.

在地球的深处，它是如此的热以至于岩石融化!在地表下发现的熔化的岩石被称为岩浆。 有时，岩浆会上升到地球表面，在那里形成称为火山的山脉。 岩浆一旦到达空气中，就被称为熔岩。 在一些火山中，熔岩以喷泉的形式喷出。 在其他时候，它像浓糖浆一样渗出。 其中一座著名的火山叫做基拉韦厄火山。 这座活火山仍在太平洋中扩张，是夏威夷州的一部分。 事实上，它是该州最大和最新的岛屿的一部分，也被称为夏威夷，或大岛。 基拉韦厄这个名字在夏威夷语中的意思是“喷涌”。

Volcano Variety Kilauea is classified as a shield volcano. This type of volcano towers over all other volcanoes. Shield volcanoes spread lava in many directions. The lava builds large, gentle slopes and even entire islands. Composite volcanoes are shorter than shield volcanoes. But they pack a punch! Layers of lava ash, and stone trap gases. The pressure builds up over time until the gases are released. The volcano erupts violently, just like a shaken soda can! Cinder cone volcanoes toss lava from their single opening or vent. They grow quickly, forming in a few months or years. However, these volcanoes are small compared to massive shield volcanoes.

基拉韦厄火山被归类为盾状火山。 这种类型的火山比其他火山都要高。 盾状火山将熔岩向多个方向扩散。 熔岩形成了巨大的缓坡，甚至是整个岛屿。 复合火山比盾状火山短。 但它们很有冲击力!层层的熔岩、火山灰和石头困住了气体。 随着时间的推移，压力逐渐增加，直到气体被释放。 火山猛烈地喷发，就像摇晃的易拉罐!火山渣锥从它们唯一的开口或喷口喷出熔岩。 它们生长迅速，在几个月或几年内形成。 然而，与巨大的盾状火山相比，这些火山很小。

Hawaiian Hot Spot Sometimes magma from deep below Earth's surface forms large pools closer to the surface than normal. These pools of magma are called hot spots. Earth's crust is made up of huge sheets of rock called plates. The Hawaiian Islands are in the middle of a plate that is slowly moving over a hot spot. As the plate moved over the hot spot, volcanoes formed. Each time lava rose above sea level, an island was born. For this reason, Hawaii is a chain of islands. The plate keeps moving over the hot spot. Now the hot magma is feeding Kilauea and causing the volcano to grow. The Big Island is getting bigger!

夏威夷热点有时来自地球表面深处的岩浆会形成比正常情况下更接近地表的大水池。 这些岩浆池被称为热点。 地壳是由被称为板块的巨大岩石层组成的。 夏威夷群岛位于一个板块的中心，这个板块正在一个热点上缓慢移动。 当板块移动到热点上方时，火山形成了。 每次熔岩上升到海平面以上，一个岛屿就诞生了。 因此，夏威夷是一个岛链。 板块一直在热点上方移动。 现在炽热的岩浆正在滋养基拉韦厄火山，导致火山生长。 大岛越来越大了!

A Volcano Is Born Kilauea first erupted 100,000 years ago. That may seem like a long time ago, but it is the blink of an eye for a volcano. Kohala is the oldest volcano on the Big Island. It is more than one million years old! Volcanoes on other Hawaiian islands are older still. Kilauea is an active volcano. Lava flows up through vents and comes out of craters. The most recent eruption of Kilauea began in 1983. Lava oozed out of a crater called Puu Oo (PU-u OH-oh) for several decades! This is one of the longest nonstop eruptions ever recorded.

基拉韦厄火山于10万年前首次喷发。 这似乎是很久以前的事了，但对火山来说只是一眨眼的功夫。 科哈拉火山是大岛上最古老的火山。 它有一百多万年的历史了!夏威夷其他岛屿上的火山更为古老。 基拉韦厄是一座活火山。 熔岩从火山口喷涌而出。 基拉韦厄火山最近一次喷发始于1983年。 熔岩从一个叫做Puu Oo (Puu -u OH-oh)的火山口中渗出，持续了几十年!这是有记录以来持续时间最长的火山喷发之一。

Lots of Lava A lava fountain occurs when the pressure inside the volcano forces lava out through a vent in the rock. The lava from a fountain, called aa (AH-ah), sprays upward and then quickly flows downhill. As it flows, the top layer cools off and breaks into chunks. These chunks get covered with more lava. In 1983, aa lava from Puu Oo reached a group of houses located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi.) from the vent in only thirteen hours. Kilauea erupted from a new vent in 1986. This vent created a lava pond. The lava leaving this pond formed a roof of rock that created a lava tube. Lava flowed slowly through the underground tube. This type of lava is called pahoehoe (puh-HO-ee-HO-ee).

当火山内部的压力迫使熔岩通过岩石的通风口喷出时，就会产生熔岩喷泉。 来自喷泉的熔岩，被称为aa (AH-ah)，向上喷射，然后快速向下流动。 当它流动时，顶层冷却并破裂成块。 这些大块被更多的熔岩覆盖。 1983年，Puu Oo火山喷出的岩浆仅用了13个小时就到达了距离火山口6公里(3.7英里)的一组房屋。 基拉韦厄火山于1986年从一个新的火山口喷发。 这个喷口形成了一个熔岩池。 离开这个池塘的熔岩形成了岩石的顶部，形成了熔岩管。 熔岩慢慢地流过地下管道。 这种类型的熔岩被称为pahoehoe (puh-HO-ee-HO-ee)。