103 Solids, Liquids, and Gases-High

Solids, Liquids, and Gases Written by Charles and Natalie Barman

《固体、液体和气体》查尔斯和娜塔莉·巴曼著

Introduction Look around you. What do you see? Look at the book you are reading. Does it have a certain shape that you can describe? What about the air you breathe? Can you feel it, smell it, or taste it? What about water from a drinking fountain? Can you see it and feel it? Does it have a certain size or shape? Your world is made of many objects and substances. Each has its own properties. These properties may include color, size, temperature, and a particular shape or lack of shape. An object might feel rough or smooth, soft or hard, wet or dry. What are some other properties you can use to describe a thing? In this book, you will learn about the objects and substances all around you as well as how these substances change.

看看你周围。 你看到了什么?看看你正在读的书。 它有你可以描述的特定形状吗? 你呼吸的空气呢? 你能感觉到它，闻到它，或者尝到它吗? 饮水机里的水呢? 你能看到它，感觉到它吗? 它有一定的大小或形状吗? 你们的世界是由许多物体和物质组成的。 每一种都有自己的特性。 这些属性可能包括颜色、大小、温度以及特定的形状或缺乏形状。 一个物体可能摸起来粗糙或光滑，软或硬，湿或干。 你还可以用什么属性来描述一个事物? 在这本书中，你将了解你周围的物体和物质以及这些物质是如何变化的。

Matter The things around you that take up space are known as matter. Your desk, the milk you drink, and the air inside a basketball are matter. They all take up space. A grain of sand is a small bit of matter that takes up a small amount of space. The water in a swimming pool takes up a lot of space. You are made of matter. If you are sitting in a chair, no one else can sit in that same space at the same time. No two things can occupy the same space at the same time. Before you pour a glass of milk, the glass is full of air. When you pour milk into the glass, the milk pushes the air out of the glass. As you drink the milk, air moves back into the glass.

你周围占据空间的东西被称为物质。 你的桌子，你喝的牛奶，篮球里的空气都是物质。 它们都占据了空间。一粒沙子是一种很小的物质，它占据了很小的空间。 游泳池里的水占了很大的空间。 你是由物质构成的。如果你坐在椅子上，没有人能同时坐在同一空间。 没有两样东西可以同时占据同一个空间。 在你倒一杯牛奶之前，杯子里装满了空气。 当你往杯子里倒牛奶时，牛奶会把杯子里的空气挤出去。 当你喝牛奶时，空气又回到杯子里。

Types of Matter Matter comes in three main forms. These forms are called the states of matter. Let's look at the picture of a fish tank You can see gravel at the bottom of the tank. You can also see fish, plants, and decorations. These things each have a specific shape. They also take up a specific amount of space. Matter that takes up a specific amount of space, has a specific shape, and keeps that shape when moved from place to place is called a solid. Even the tank is a solid. You can move it from one place to another without it changing shape. When the tank is moved, it takes up the same amount of space.

物质的类型物质主要有三种形式。 这些形式被称为物质的状态。 让我们看一张鱼缸的图片，你可以看到鱼缸底部有碎石。 你还可以看到鱼、植物和装饰品。 这些东西都有特定的形状。 它们还会占用一定的空间。 一种物质占据一定的空间，具有特定的形状，并在从一个地方移动到另一个地方时保持这种形状，这种物质被称为固体。 甚至坦克也是固体。你可以把它从一个地方移动到另一个地方而不改变形状。 当储罐移动时，它会占用相同的空间。

The water that the fish swim in does not keep the same shape when moved from one place to another. But if the water were moved into a different-shaped container of the same size, it would take up the same amount of space. For example, if the water in the tank were moved into a large, round bowl, it would take the shape of the bowl. If the water in the tank were moved to a bowl smaller than the tank, the water would spill over the top of the bowl. The water in the tank cannot be squeezed into a smaller space. If the bowl were bigger than the tank, the water from the tank would not expand to fill the bowl. Matter that does not keep the same shape when moved from place to place and cannot be squeezed into a smaller space is a liquid.

当鱼从一个地方游到另一个地方时，它所游泳的水不会保持相同的形状。 但是，如果把水移到一个形状不同、大小相同的容器中，它所占的空间是一样的。 例如，如果把水箱里的水移到一个大的圆碗里，它就会变成碗的形状。 如果把水箱里的水移到一个比水箱小的碗里，水就会溢出碗的顶部。 水箱里的水挤不进更小的空间。 如果碗比水箱大，水箱里的水就不会膨胀到装满碗。 当物质从一个地方移动到另一个地方时，不保持相同的形状，不能被挤压到更小的空间里，那就是液体。

Objects can move through liquids, and liquids can move around objects. When a liquid is poured, it fills the container from the bottom. It also takes the shape of the container and forms a flat surface on top. Notice how the water fills the space inside the two fishbowls on the previous page. Even though the sides are different shapes, the top surface of the water in both is flat. Do You Know? Even though we can "pour" sand from one container to another, it is not a liquid. Why not? A pile of sand contains thousands of very small individual grains. Each small grain of sand is a solid. When you pour sand, it does take the shape of the container, just as liquid matter does. But each little solid grain of sand keeps its shape; it is the position of each tiny grain of sand that changes. The sand doesn't immediately settle and have a flat top.

物体可以在液体中移动，液体也可以在物体周围移动。 当液体被倒进容器时，它会从底部填满容器。 它也采用容器的形状，并在顶部形成一个平面。 注意上一页中两个鱼缸里的水是如何填满的。 尽管两边的形状不同，但两者的水面都是平的。 你知道吗?尽管我们可以把沙子从一个容器“倒”到另一个容器中，但它不是液体。 为什么不呢?一堆沙子含有成千上万个非常小的颗粒。 每一粒小沙子都是固体。 当你倒沙子的时候，它会呈现容器的形状，就像液体物质一样。 但是每一粒小沙粒都保持着它的形状;变化的是每一粒沙子的位置。 沙子不会立即沉淀，顶部也不会平坦。