102 Solids, Liquids, and Gases-Mid

Solids, Liquids, and Gases Written by Charles and Natalie Barman

《固体、液体和气体》查尔斯和娜塔莉·巴曼著

Introduction Look around you What do you see? Look at the book you are reading. Does it have a certain shape you can describe? What about the air you breathe Can you feel it, smell it, or taste it? What about water from a drinking fountain? Can you see it and feel it? Does it have a certain size or shape? Your world is made of many objects. Each has its own properties. These properties may include color, size, temperature, a certain shape, or a lack of shape. An object might feel rough or smooth, soft or hard, wet or dry. What are some other properties you can use to describe something? In this book, you will learn about the objects and substances all around you. You will also learn how these substances change.

环顾四周，你看到了什么? 看看你正在读的书。 它有特定的形状可以描述吗? 那你呼吸的空气呢?你能感觉到它、闻到它或尝到它吗? 饮水机里的水呢? 你能看到它，感觉到它吗? 它有一定的大小或形状吗? 你的世界是由许多物体组成的。 每一种都有自己的特性。 这些属性可能包括颜色、大小、温度、某种形状或缺乏形状。 一个物体可能摸起来粗糙或光滑，软或硬，湿或干。 还有哪些属性可以用来描述某物? 在这本书中，你将了解你周围的物体和物质。 你还将了解这些物质是如何变化的。

Matter The things around you that take up space are known as matter. Your desk, the milk you drink, and the air inside a basketball are matter. They all take up space. A grain of sand is a small bit of matter. It takes up a small amount of space. The water in a swimming pool takes up a lot of space.

你周围占据空间的东西被称为物质。 你的桌子，你喝的牛奶，篮球里的空气都是物质。 它们都占据了空间。一粒沙子是一小块物质。 它只占很小的空间。 游泳池里的水占了很大的空间。

Types of Matter Matter comes in three main forms. Scientists call these forms the states of matter. Let's look at the picture of a fish tank. You can see gravel at the bottom of the tank. You can also see fish and decorations. Each of these things is a type of matter called a solid. They each have a specific shape. Their shape stays the same when moved from place to place. They also take up a specific amount of space.

物质的类型物质主要有三种形式。 科学家称这些形式为物质状态。 让我们看一张鱼缸的图片。 你可以看到水箱底部有碎石。 你还可以看到鱼和装饰。 这些物质都是一种叫做固体的物质。 它们都有特定的形状。 当它们从一个地方移动到另一个地方时，它们的形状保持不变。 它们还会占用一定的空间。

The water that the fish swim in does not keep the same shape when moved from one place to another. If it were poured from the fish tank into a different-shaped container, it would take up the same amount of space. For example, if the water in the tank were moved into a large, round bowl, it would take the shape of the bowl. If the water in the tank were moved to a bowl smaller than the tank, the water would spill over the top of the bowl. The water in the tank cannot be squeezed into a smaller space.

当鱼从一个地方游到另一个地方时，它所游泳的水不会保持相同的形状。 如果把鱼从鱼缸里倒进一个形状不同的容器里，它会占据同样多的空间。 例如，如果把水箱里的水移到一个大的圆碗里，它就会变成碗的形状。 如果把水箱里的水移到一个比水箱小的碗里，水就会溢出碗的顶部。 水箱里的水挤不进更小的空间。

If the bowl were bigger than the tank, the water from the tank would not expand to fill the bowl. Water is a type of matter called a liquid. Liquids do not keep the same shape when moved from one container to another. They also cannot be squeezed into a smaller space. Do You Know? Even though you can "pour" sand from one container to another, it is not a liquid. Why not? A pile of sand contains thousands of very small individual grains. Each small grain of sand is a solid. When you pour sand, it does take the shape of the container. But because each solid grain of sand keeps its shape, sand is a solid.

如果碗比水箱大，水箱里的水就不会膨胀到装满碗。 水是一种叫做液体的物质。 当液体从一个容器移动到另一个容器时，它的形状不会保持不变。 它们也不能被压缩到更小的空间里。 你知道吗?尽管你可以把沙子从一个容器“倒”到另一个容器中，但它不是液体。 为什么不呢?一堆沙子含有成千上万个非常小的颗粒。 每一粒小沙子都是固体。 当你倒沙子的时候，它会呈现容器的形状。 但因为每粒固体沙粒都保持着它的形状，所以沙子是固体。