Unit 28

UNIT 28 WORD LIST avail Avail is help or benefit. His studying was to no avail because he failed the test. define To define means to clearly state, show, or explain what something is. People define success in many different ways. dread To dread is to be afraid of something that could, or is going to, happen. I dread the possibility that I will not get into college. expand To expand is to become bigger in size. A balloon will expand as you blow air into it. fundamental If something is fundamental, it is a basic part of something. The fundamental rules of basketball are easy. horrifying If something is horrifying, it is frightening and very unpleasant. There was a horrifying car accident today. incredulous If someone is incredulous about something, they do not believe that it is true. She was incredulous that monkeys could ever drive a car. linger To linger is to last for a long time. The smell of fresh cookies lingered in the bakery organism An organism is a living thing, especially a very small one. We studied the organism under the microscope. paraphrase To paraphrase is to make someone else's writing or speech shorter. The students were asked to paraphrase the story they had just heard.

avail是帮助或利益。 他的学习毫无用处，因为他考试不及格。 定义意味着清楚地陈述、展示或解释某事是什么。 人们对成功有不同的定义。 恐惧就是害怕可能发生或将要发生的事情。 我担心我可能进不了大学。 扩展就是在尺寸上变得更大。 你往气球里吹气，气球就会膨胀。 fundamental如果某物是fundamental，它是某物的基本部分。 篮球的基本规则很简单。 如果某件事是恐怖的，它是令人恐惧和非常不愉快的。 今天发生了一起可怕的车祸。 incredible adj .难以置信的如果某人对某事持怀疑态度，他们不相信这是真的。 她不相信猴子会开车。 逗留就是持续很长一段时间。 新鲜饼干的香味在面包店里久久不散有机体有机体是有生命的东西，尤指非常小的生物。 我们在显微镜下研究有机体。 意译是使别人的文章或演讲更简短。 学生们被要求改写他们刚刚听到的故事。

plague A plague is a serious disease that quickly spreads to many people. A plague in Europe killed millions of people. presently If something happens presently, it is happening right now. Presently, our profits are good, but by next year we can do even better. random If something is random, it happens without any pattern or reason. Young children often ask random questions. riot A riot is a crowd that reacts to bad news by violently breaking laws. A riot broke out after the candidate lost the election. scribble To scribble is to write something quickly without caring about how it looks. I scribbled a rough diagram of our plan and gave it to him. shrine A shrine is a religious building built to honor a person, event, or god. He prayed at the shrine for an hour. solitude Solitude is the state of being totally alone. John lives a life of solitude because he doesn't get along well with people. stark If something is stark, then it is severe or clear in appearance or outline. There is a stark contrast between their test scores. summon To summon a person is to ask them to come to you. We summoned the doctor as soon as we noticed she was sick. worsen To worsen is to get worse. The weather suddenly worsened, and we had to stay inside.

鼠疫是一种能迅速传染给许多人的严重疾病。 欧洲的一场瘟疫夺去了数百万人的生命。 如果某件事现在发生了，那就是现在正在发生。 目前我们的利润还不错，但到明年我们会做得更好。 random adj .随机的如果某件事是随机的，它的发生没有任何模式或原因。 小孩子经常问一些随意的问题。 riot是指一群人对坏消息做出暴力破坏法律的反应。 候选人竞选失败后爆发了一场骚乱。 潦草就是快速地写东西，而不关心它看起来怎么样。 我草草画了一张我们计划的草图，交给了他。 shrine神殿神殿是为纪念某个人、某件事或某神而建造的宗教建筑。 他在神社里祈祷了一个小时。 孤独是一种完全独处的状态。 约翰过着孤独的生活，因为他与人相处不好。 stark stark stark如果某物是stark，那么它的外观或轮廓是严肃的或清晰的。 他们的考试成绩差别很大。 召唤一个人就是叫他们来找你。 我们一发现她病了就请了医生。 恶化就是变得更糟。 天气突然变坏了，我们不得不呆在屋里。

Thucydides and the Plague of Athens Thucydides was the world's first historian. Presently, we get most of our knowledge about ancient Greece from his writing. But Thucydides didn't just write about history, he lived through it. However, he almost didn't survive one historical event, the Plague of Athens. In 430 BCE, an army attacked the city of Athens, where Thucydides lived. Thousands of people hid from the army behind Athens' large walls. The city became very crowded as the population expanded. Then, a horrifying disease broke out. People summoned doctors. But it was to no avail because no one understood how the disease spread. It seemed random. They didn't know that it was an organism. Instead, they defined disease as a punishment from their gods. Thucydides was incredulous that the gods caused the plague, but he explained why others believed it. There was an old, long verse which predicted the disease. To paraphrase it, the verse said the gods would send a disease during a war. As a result, large crowds gathered at shrines to ask the gods to stop the plague. But the situation only worsened because these people were so close to each other they became sick. That's how they learned a fundamental lesson about the plague, it spread from person to person. People wanted to leave the crowded city, but they dreaded what the army outside would do to them. At this time. Thucydides got sick, too. He quickly scribbled down notes because he thought he would soon die. His writing shows the stark contrast between people's behavior before and during the plague. There were riots, and people ignored laws. They didn't think they'd live long enough to be punished. Many sick people were left to die in solitude because no one wanted to be near them. The plague lingered for two years. But luckily, Thucydides survived. Without his writing, we would know much less about ancient Greece and the Plague of Athens.

修昔底德和雅典的瘟疫修昔底德是世界上第一位历史学家。 目前，我们对古希腊的大部分知识都来自他的著作。 但修昔底德不仅写历史，他还亲身经历了历史。 然而，他差点没能在雅典瘟疫中幸存下来。 公元前430年，一支军队袭击了修昔底德居住的雅典城。 成千上万的人躲在雅典的高墙后面躲避军队。 随着人口的增长，这个城市变得非常拥挤。 然后，一种可怕的疾病爆发了。 人们叫来了医生。但这无济于事，因为没有人知道这种疾病是如何传播的。 这似乎是随机的。他们不知道这是一种有机体。 相反，他们将疾病定义为神明的惩罚。 修昔底德不相信是神造成了瘟疫，但他解释了为什么其他人相信这一点。 有一首古老的长诗预言了这种疾病。 换句话说，这首诗说诸神会在战争期间带来疾病。 结果，大批人群聚集在神社，请求神灵停止瘟疫。 但情况只会变得更糟，因为这些人彼此太亲密了，他们都生病了。 这就是他们对鼠疫的基本认识，它在人与人之间传播。 人们想离开拥挤的城市，但他们害怕外面的军队会对他们做什么。 此时。修昔底德也生病了。 他很快地记了笔记，因为他以为自己快死了。 他的作品显示了瘟疫前和瘟疫期间人们行为的鲜明对比。 暴乱时有发生，人们无视法律。 他们觉得自己活不到受罚的时候。 许多病人只能孤独地死去，因为没有人愿意靠近他们。 瘟疫持续了两年。 但幸运的是，修昔底德活了下来。 如果没有他的作品，我们对古希腊和雅典瘟疫的了解就会少得多。